RMSC/RHPP PIN Town of Warsaw Wyoming County New York MCD: Prepared By: John W. Gordinier. With Contributions By Mark W.

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1 Cultural Resource Management Report Phase I Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey For a Proposed Walmart Expansion on an Approximately 26-Acre Property RMSC/RHPP PIN Town of Warsaw Wyoming County New York MCD: Prepared By: John W. Gordinier With Contributions By Mark W. Ewing Rochester Museum & Science Center Regional Heritage Preservation Program 657 East Avenue Rochester, New York Submitted To: Bergmann Associates 28 East Main Street 200 First Federal Plaza Rochester, NY December 2006 Sponsor: Local SEQRA

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Management Summary...iv I. Project Description...1 II. General Project Area...1 III. Background Research Project area soils Sites within a one-mile radius...6 IV. Sensitivity Assessment Prehistoric site sensitivity Historic site sensitivity...6 V. Type and Extent of Disturbance...6 VI. Testing Recommendations...10 VII. Phase I Archaeological Survey Methodology Project walkover Testing procedures Surface Subsurface testing Size, placement, intervals, and depths...10 VIII. Archaeological Survey Results Overview Negative survey results...11 IX. Phase I Conclusions and Recommendations...11 X. References...13 APPENDIX A. Phase IA Photographs...14 B. Phase IB Photographs...23 C. Shovel Test Record...26 LIST OF MAPS & FIGURES Figure 1: General project location in Wyoming County, New York State...2 Figure 2: Project location on the USGS 7.5 Dale, NY 1949 Quadrangle (revised 1976)...3 Figure 3: Project area on Sheet 16 & 17 of the Soil Survey of Wyoming County, New York (USDA 1974)...5 Figure 4: Project area on Beers Genesee & Wyoming County, New York Figure 5: Project area on USGS 15 Batavia, NY 1904 Quadrangle (Reprinted 1948)...8 Figure 6: Phase IA Project Map...9 Figure 7: Phase IB Project Map...12 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Soil Types Represented within the Project Area...6 Table 2: Archaeological Sites within a One Mile Radius of the Project Area...7 i

3 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Photograph 1: Disturbed section of APE from northwestern corner of existing parking lot, facing west...15 Photograph 2: Northwest section of APE showing area disturbed by existing retention pond and drainage swale as well as potentially undisturbed section north of pond, facing northwest Photograph 3: Disturbed section of APE, drainage swale along northern boundary, facing southeast...16 Photograph 4: Potentially undisturbed section of APE along western boundary, facing southwest...16 Photograph 5: Rear view of existing Walmart facility showing landscape modification, facing south-southeast...17 Photograph 6. Southwest section of APE showing built-out berm from gravel access road behind Walmart facility, facing north-northwest Photograph 7: Graded slope between Walmart facility and gravel access road, facing northeast...18 Photograph 8: Existing Walmart facility, facing east...18 Photograph 9: Disturbed section of APE along southern boundary, facing southeast...19 Photograph 10: Existing parking lot in APE, facing west...19 Photograph 11: Existing Walmart facility and parking lot in APE, facing northwest...20 Photograph 12: Existing parking lot in APE, facing north Photograph 13: View along NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing south-southeast...21 Photograph 14: View across NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing east-southeast...21 Photograph 15: View along NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing east-northeast...22 Photograph 16: Tested section of APE (Transect 1) along northern boundary near existing retention pond, facing northwest...24 Photograph 17: Tested section of APE (Transects 2 and 3) along western boundary, facing north-northeast...24 Photograph 18: Undeveloped section of APE fronting NYS Rte 19 with verified disturbance (Transect 4), facing north-northeast...25 ii

4 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY A. SHPO Project Review Number: N/A B. Involved State and Federal Agencies: Local SEQRA C. Phase of Survey: Phase I Archaeological Resource Reconnaissance Survey D. Location Information Location: West side of NY State Route 19, about 2 kilometers north of the Village of Warsaw Minor Civil Division: Town of Warsaw; MCD County: Wyoming County, New York E. Survey Area Maximum Length: 388 m (1,320 ft) across east-west diagonal Maximum Width: 424 m (1,440 ft) across north-south diagonal APE (Area of Potential Effect) Acres: Approximately 7 hectares (17.5 acres) Number of Square Meter & Feet Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only): N/A Percentage of the Site Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only): N/A F. USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: Dale, New York 1960 G. Archaeological Survey Overview Number & Interval of Shovel Tests: 28 STPs at 15 m (50 ft) intervals; 2 STPs at 30 m (100 ft). Number & Size of Units: N/A Width of Plowed Strips: N/A Surface Survey Transect Interval: N/A H. Results of Archaeological Survey Number of & name of prehistoric sites identified: 0 Number of & name of historic sites identified: 0 Number of & name of sites recommended for Phase II/Avoidance: 0 I. Results of Architectural Survey Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries within project area: 0 Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries adjacent to project area: 0 Number of known NR listed/eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0 Number of identified eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0 J. Report Author(s): John W. Gordinier and Mark W. Ewing Regional Heritage Preservation Program, Rochester Museum & Science Center, Rochester, New York. K. Date of Report: 21 December 2006 iii

5 I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION This report presents the results of a cultural resource reconnaissance survey as part of the preliminary planning for the proposed expansion of an existing Walmart facility in the Town of Warsaw, Wyoming County, New York. The project will include the expansion of the existing Walmart store, modifications/expansion to existing access roads and parking lots, and expanding an existing storm water management pond. The Phase I Cultural Resource Investigations, requested by Mr. F. Jack Buholtz, P.E. of Bergmann Associates, are in partial compliance with existing state and federal regulations regarding the location, evaluation, and preservation of cultural resources that may suffer adverse impacts from government assisted or permitted construction projects. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is approximately 7 ha (17.5 acres) of a larger estimated 26 acre (10.4 ha) parcel. All work will occur within the Town of Warsaw, Wyoming County, New York. The maximum survey length from north to south along a diagonal is 424 m (1,440 ft) and the total width of surveyed area is 388 m (1,320 ft) along the east-west diagonal. The fieldwork summarized in this document was performed under the direct supervision of Mark W. Ewing, Manager, Rochester Museum & Science Center (RMSC), and Regional Heritage Preservation Program (RHPP), who also served as editor. John W. Gordinier served as the project director and is the principal author of this report. The field crew was consisted of Mark W. Ewing and John W. Gordinier. Scott Crowder constructed the project databases and project maps and authored sections of the report. In compliance with the New York State Education Department s Revised Work Scope Descriptions (March 2005) and National Park Service s Criteria and Procedures for the Identification of Historic Properties (1990), the area within the project area is considered within the Area of Impact for the purpose of conducting the survey. The results of the research performed for this report do not apply to any territory outside the project area. II. GENERAL PROJECT AREA Figure 1 places the project location within Wyoming County and New York State. Figure 2 shows the project area on the 1949 (revised 1976) USGS 7.5' Dale, N. Y. Quadrangle topographic map. Photographs 1 through 15 demonstrate present land uses and current conditions within the project area and can be found in Appendix A. 1

6 Figure 1: General project location in Wyoming County, New York State 2

7 m 2000 ft Figure 2: Project location on the USGS 7.5 Dale, NY 1949 Quadrangle (revised 1976) 3

8 III. BACKGROUND RESEARCH 3.1 Project Area Soils The project area is located within the Town of Warsaw, Wyoming County, New York, west of NYS Rte 19 south of its intersection with Wyoming County Route 7 (Saltville Road). Wyoming County is in the Erie-Ontario drainage basin, and the eastern part of the county, including the Oatka Valley; drains into the Genesee River and ultimately, Lake Ontario. Phase I APE elevations vary from about 288 m (980 ft) to 294 m (1000 ft) above mean sea level. Today, the APE is vegetated with a mix of grasses, sedges, goldenrod and sumac trees and is surrounded by commercial and retail structures. Wyoming County is part of the Appalachian Uplands physiographic province in New York State. This province is a plateau of rolling uplands with many flat-topped hills and is modestly dissected by streams which have carved their channels by post-glacial stream cutting. Wyoming County is underlain by bedrock of the Upper Devonian period in its southern reaches, which are the counties highest elevations, and the Middle Devonian period in the northern, and lower elevated areas. The various formations of rock are in bands that have an east-west orientation. The beds are oldest in the northern part of the county and they become progressively younger toward the southern part of the county. The beds are gently tipped in a southerly direction, at a rate of about 60 feet per mile. Wyoming County was covered and uncovered by several advances and retreats of glacial ice during the ice age. The most recent stage of glacial advance is the Wisconsin stage which is divided into four sub-stages; although only two are recognizable in Wyoming County. These two sub-stages; the older being the Binghamton drift sheet and the more recent; the Valley Heads drift sheet, are responsible for much of the glacial deposits of Wyoming County. As the ice moved southward, it picked up soil material and pieces of bedrock and ultimately redeposited a mixture of unconsolidated material of various sizes, shapes and mineral content. Soil deposits include glacial till, glacial lacustrine, and water sorted deposits (USDA 1986:2-4). Figure 3 displays the project area soils on Sheets 16 & 17 of the USDA 1974 Soil Survey of Wyoming County. This location is part of the Canadice Herkimer Teel soil group. These soils are characterized as nearly level to gently sloping, deep, and range from well-drained to poorly drained, medium textured soils on lowlands underlain by shale bedrock. The Canadice series formed in depressions or on level bottoms of moderately calcareous proglacial lakes. The Herkimer series tend to have 3-8 degree slopes, and formed in the glacial outwash fans along the foot slopes of the major tributaries in northern Wyoming County; including the Oatka Creek. The two soil types noted in the project area are silty clays and shaly silt loams and have various drainage qualities from poorly drained to well drained soils (Table 1). The soil types within the APE are not alluvial in nature and are formed from lake-lain sediments or glacial stream outwash fans. (Figure 3). There are alluvial soils adjacent to the western project boundary in the immediate area of Oatka Creek. As such, no deeply buried soil deposits capable of containing cultural material are expected within the impact area and standard shovel test pits penetrating to the subsoil are deemed sufficient for assessing the presence or absence of archaeological material. A summary of these soil types and their attributes are presented below in Table 1. 4

9 m 1630 ft Figure 3: Project area on Sheets 16 & 17 of the Soil Survey of Wyoming County, New York (USDA 1974) 5

10 Table 1: Soil Types Represented within the Project Area. Name Soil Horizon Depth cm (in) Color Texture, Inclusions Slope % Drainage Landform Canadice Silty clayloam Ca Ap 0 23 cm (0 9in) B21tg cm (8 14 in) B22tg cm (14 25 in) B23tg cm (25 38 in) C cm (38-50 in) VDkGrBrn DkBrn to Brn DkBrn DkGrBrn DkGrBrn Lt Si Cl Lo Si Cl Lo Brn mottles Si Cl w/ Brn mottles Si Cl w/ Brn mottles Si Cl w DrBrn 0-3 % or Depressional Poor Calcareous, Lake-laid deposits Herkimer Shaly Siltloam HeB Ap 0 20 cm (0 8in) B cm (8 22in) B cm (22 38 in) IIC cm (38 45 in) IIC cm (45-60 in) VDkGBrn GBrn DkGBrn DkGBrn OlBrn mottles. Sh Si Lo Sh Si Lo Sh Si Lo Very Sh Lo Very Sh Lo 3-8 % Well to moderately welldrained 3.2 Sites within a One Mile Radius Archaeological site files checks were conducted at the Rochester Museum & Science Center s Regional Heritage Preservation Program (RMSC/RHPP) and at the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYSOPRHP). The site files checks found no archaeological sites within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. Although no archaeological sites have been identified to date near the project area, this area in all probability hosted prehistoric activities by Native Americans. The Oatka Creek is a constant and reliable source of potable water; the soils are moderately fertile and spring inundations by the creek would replenish the nutrients in the soils. The wide valley itself provided shelter and the surrounding woodlands and side-cut stream gullies would have provided desired faunal, floral, and lithic resources. IV. SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT 4.1Prehistoric site sensitivity The prehistoric site sensitivity, based on integration of environmental information, site file data, overview, and current land use/disturbances, is estimated to be high.. The project area has relatively well-drained and fertile soils and is generally level which is evidenced to be of mixed desirability for settling. In addition, The Oatka Creek runs immediately west of the project area, a permanent and potable water source. Moreover, there are multiple resources in the lowlands next to the stream and in the hills surrounding the area, for items such as stone, clay, animals and plants. These attributes would suggest a high sensitivity for the potential of a prehistoric site being located within the project area but is tempered by the fact that no sites have been found. 4.2 Historic site sensitivity Based upon historic map results and information about settlement prior to the documentation of historic maps, the project APE would have a low potential for historic site sensitivity. Historic maps suggest that there are no historic sites located within the APE. The closest historic structure was a residence belonging to D. Judd on the east side of NYS Rte 19 which shows on Beers 1866 Atlas of Genesee and Wyoming County (Figure 4) and the 1904 quad map (Figure 5). Figures 2, 4, and 5 also show that construction and settlement were confined to the east of NYS Rte 19 until after Prior to recent development, the land usage for the level ground west of NYS Rte 19 and east of the Oatka Creek appears to have been reserved for agricultural interests only. V. TYPE AND EXTENT OF DISTURBANCE Preliminary results of a Phase IA project area walkover revealed obvious disturbance within the majority of the APE limits. The construction of the existing Walmart store, parking lots, water detention system, and access roads have resulted in about 6 ha (15 acres) of the 7-ha (17.5-acre) APE being disturbed. The only three (3) sections of the APE where intact soils are thought to exist are about 0.5 ha (1.3 acre) along the western APE boundary southwest of the existing detention pond, a ha (0.7-acre) strip along the northern APE boundary north of an Glacial Out- Wash fans 6

11 existing drainage swale, and a small 0.3-ha (0.8-acre) section fronting NYS Rte 19 and surrounded by buildings and parking lots (Figure 6). 7

12 m 3250 ft Figure 4: Project location on Beers 1866 Atlas of Genesee & Wyoming County 8

13 m 5280 ft Figure 5: Project location on USGS 15 Batavia, NY 1904 (Reprinted 1948) Quadrangle 9

14 Figure 6. Phase IA project map 10

15 VI. TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS The Phase IA background research and site visit revealed that almost 85% of the APE had already been disturbed by construction of the existing Walmart facility. Therefore, Phase IB field investigations were only recommended for about 1.1 ha (2.8 acres) of the APE where disturbance was not obvious. The Phase IB field investigations were to consist of the excavation of STPs placed at 15 m (50 ft) intervals within all testable areas of the project area. STP intervals were be changed to 30 m (100 ft) where disturbance was encountered within any transect. VII. PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODOLOGY 7.1 Project walkover The Phase IA project area walkover by Mark W. Ewing, Archaeologist I, and John W. Gordinier, was conducted in October 2006 to evaluate the conditions within the project area prior to the commencement of surface and subsurface field investigations. This visit confirmed the project APE boundaries and areas of disturbance (see Figure 6 and Appendix A). 7.2 Testing procedures Surface As no soils had acceptable surface visibility, a controlled surface inspection of the APE was not conducted for this project Subsurface testing Within potentially undisturbed sections of the APE, STPs were placed at 15-m (50-ft) intervals in transects roughly oriented either north northeast-south southwest or southeast-northwest. Existing features, such as property lines, service roads, and parking lots were used to break the APE up into smaller sections where control over spacing and orientation could be maintained. Testing began in the northern corner of the project area and proceeded to the western boundary, and finished with two STPs in the parcel fronting NYS Rte 19 between two businesses (a fast-food restaurant and a bank). In all four transects, a number of STPs were found to either have the topsoil stripped- probably for grading and landscaping, or the topsoils were intermixed with layer 2 soils; most likely from previous plowing for agricultural purposes (Figure 7 and Appendix B) Size, placement, intervals, and depths All STPs were hand dug with a shovel and were generally 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. An effort was made to excavate all STPs to a depth of 50 cm (20 in) into the underlying subsoil unless rock or other impasses were encountered. All excavated soils were carefully passed through ¼ inch screen in order to recover any cultural material from each soil layer. An effort was made to separate the A and B horizon soils and to pass them through the screen separately. Notes on subsurface conditions, including descriptions of soil type, texture, color, excavation conditions, location and the presence of absence of cultural material were kept in field notebooks. All shovel test summaries can be found in Appendix C. VIII. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS 8.1 Overview A total of 28 STPs were placed at 15 meter (50 feet) intervals, and 2 STPs were placed at 30 meter (100 feet) intervals within about 1.1 hectares (2.8 acres) of the APE where soil disturbance was not readily obvious, for an overall STP density of about 25 STPs/ha (10 STPs/acre) within the tested sections. However, in the two areas away from NYS Rte 19, the 27 STPs placed within these two sections actually had an STP density of 35 STPs/ha (14 STPs/acre) All of these STPs were excavated (100%) (Figure 7 and Appendix B). The average lower depth of Layer 1 was 30.6 centimeters (12.1 inches) below the surface. The predominant color for Level 1 was noted as gray-brown (69%), secondly was brown (14%), followed by yellow-brown (7%) and dark gray-brown (7%) and lastly by gray (3%). This soil layer was generally categorized as either a clay loam (86%), a clay (11%), or a clay silt (3%). Eight STPs did not reach Layer 2 as result of an exceptionally deep Layer 1 11

16 (i.e. more than 50 cm below the surface), or a rock impasse. The average lower depth for Layer 2 was 43.4 centimeters (17.1 inches) below the surface. However, this is not the lower terminus of Layer 2, as the layer was only completely penetrated twice (when a Layer 3 was encountered). The predominant color for Layer 2 was noted as yellow-brown (57%) followed by gray-brown (19%), gray (19%), and brown (5%). This soil layer was mostly categorized as a clay loam (38%), clayey-silt (29%), followed by silty-clay (14%) and clay (14%), and lastly sandyloam (5%). Only two STPs encountered Layer 3 soils. The upper depth for Layer 3 was 13 centimeters (5.1 inches) below the surface in one STP and 40 cm (15.7 in) in the other STP. For both STPs that found Layer 3 soils, the excavation was stopped before the lower terminus was encountered, at 50 cm (20 in) and 38 cm (15 in) respectively. The color for Layer 3 was noted as gray-brown (50%) or yellow-brown (50%). This soil layer was a clay-silt (50%) or clay-loam (50%). 50% of all layers encountered were noted to have various mottling, stone or gravel which suggested prior disturbance (Appendix C). 8.2 Negative Survey Results Within the area tested at 15 m (50 ft) intervals, one shovel test (2.10) with one piece of historic ceramic was recorded. The fragment, a sherd of blue transfer-print white-ware, probably of very recent origin, was noted, but not kept. One STP (3.4) contained a piece of broken drainage tile that was noted but, also not kept. Two STPs (4.1 and 4.2) contained pieces of coal and/or brick fragments as part of the fill. These artifact were also noted but not kept. IX. PHASE I CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The RHPP does not feel that any additional archaeological investigations are warranted for this project area. The development of the existing Walmart facility has already disturbed an estimated 5.9 ha (14.7 ac) of the 7- ha (17.5-acre) APE. The remaining 1.1 ha (2.8 acres) of the APE that were subjected to Phase IB field investigations failed to produce any cultural material that was suggestive of an archaeological site. 12

17 Figure 7: Phase IB Project map 13

18 X. REFERENCES -- n.d. Archaeological Site Atlas and Site Files. Department of Collections and Research, Rochester Museum & Science Center. Rochester, New York. Beers Atlas 1866 Beers Genesee and Wyoming County, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. United States Department of Agriculture 1974 Soil Survey of Wyoming County, New York. U.S Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. United States Geological Survey Batavia, N.Y. Quadrangle. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. (Reprinted 1948) Dale, N.Y. Quadrangle. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. (Reprinted 1976) Accessed XX December, 2006 NYS GIS Data Depot Current Aerial Photographs Accessed XX December, 2006 Wyoming County Historic Aerial Photographs 14

19 APPENDIX A Phase IA Photographs 15

20 Photograph 1: Disturbed section of APE from northwestern corner of existing parking lot, facing west. Photograph 2: Northwest section of APE showing area disturbed by existing retention pond and drainage swale as well as potentially undisturbed section north of pond, facing northwest. 16

21 Photograph 3: Disturbed section of APE, drainage swale along northern boundary, facing southeast. Photograph 4: Potentially undisturbed section of APE along western boundary, facing southwest. 17

22 Photograph 5: Rear view of existing Walmart facility showing landscape modification, facing south-southeast. Photograph 6. Southwest section of APE showing built-out berm from gravel access road behind Walmart facility, facing north-northwest. 18

23 Photograph 7: Graded slope between Walmart facility and gravel access road, facing northeast. Photograph 8: Existing Walmart facility, facing east. 19

24 Photograph 9: Disturbed section of APE along southern boundary, facing southeast. Photograph 10: Existing parking lot in APE, facing west. 20

25 Photograph 11: Existing Walmart facility and parking lot in APE, facing northwest. Photograph 12: Existing parking lot in APE, facing north. 21

26 Photograph 13: View along NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing south-southeast. Photograph 14: View across NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing east-southeast. 22

27 Photograph 15: View along NYS Rte 19 from APE, facing east-northeast. 23

28 APPENDIX B Phase IB Photographs 24

29 Photograph 16: Tested section of APE (Transect 1) along northern boundary near existing retention pond, facing northwest. Photograph 17: Tested section of APE (Transects 2 and 3) along western boundary, facing north-northeast. 25

30 Photograph 18: Undeveloped section of APE fronting NYS Rte 19 with verified disturbance (Transect 4), acing north-northeast 26

31 APPENDIX C Shovel Test Record 27

32 STP# Depth (cm) Soil Description Artifact Summary YBrn ClSi w/ gravel; fill/disturbed NCM L.2 not encountered Brn ClLo topsoil probably removed NCM Gr Cl w/ DkYBrn SiCl mottle NCM Brn ClLo NCM YBrn SiCl mottled NCM Brn ClLo NCM L.2 not encountered GrBrn ClLo inc. gravel w/ depth NCM L.2 not encountered GrBrn ClLo stopped by compaction NCM Gr inc. w/ depth/l.2 not encountered EOT Gr ClLo w/ gravel NCM YBrn Cl fill/disturbed NCM GrBrn Cl w/stone & YBrn mottle NCM Gr Cl w/ YBrn mottle NCM GrBrn Cl NCM L2. not encountered/ no natural topsoils GrBrn Cl NCM L2. not encountered/ no natural topsoils GrBrn ClLo NCM Gr SiCl w/ YBrn mottle NCM YBrn ClSi w/ Gr SiCl mottle NCM GrBrn ClLo prob. Intermixed plow zone NCM YBrn ClSi w/ Gr SiCl mott. & angular Gv NCM GrBrn ClLo slightly mottled at bottom NCM YBrn ClSi Angular Gv inc. w/ depth NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM YBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM YBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo 1 pc. Blue transfer-print whiteware/noted, not kept Brn SaLo w/ broken shale gravel NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM YBrn SiCl NCM Brn ClLo NCM 8-13 YBrn ClSi NCM GrBrn ClLo w/ Gravel NCM YBrn ClLo w/ GrBrn ClLo mottle NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM YBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn SiCl w/ Gravel NCM GrBrn ClLo 1 pc. Broken drainage tile / noted, not kept YBrn ClSi NCM 28

33 STP# Depth (cm) Soil Description Artifact Summary Gr ClLo NCM YBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo w/ YBrn ClLo mottle NCM GrBrn ClLo w/ YBrn ClSi mottle NCM YBrn SiSa NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM GrBrn ClLo w/ybrn ClLo mottle NCM GrBrn ClLo NCM YBrn ClSi w/ GrBrn SiCl mottle NCM DkGrBrn ClLo w/ redistr. Tpsl & stone Brick/coal fragments / noted, not kept L.2 not encountered/ stopped by compact DkGrBrn ClLo w/ YBrn ClSi mottle Brick fragment / noted, not kept L.1 mixed w/ gv (disturbed)/ compaction NCM NCM: no cultural material Items listed in italics were noted as present but were not retained. 29

34 STANDARD SHOVEL TEST PITS Level 1 Level 1 No. Color % No. Texture % 20 Grayish brown Clayey loam 86 4 brown 14 3 Clay 11 2 yellowish brown 7 1 Clayey silt 3 2 Dark grayish brown 7 1 gray 3 Total Total Level 2 Level 2 No. Color % No. Texture % 12 yellowish brown 57 8 Clayey loam 38 4 light yellowish brown 19 6 Clayey silt 29 4 grayish brown 19 3 Silty clay 14 1 gray 5 3 clay 14 1 Sandy loam 5 Total Total Level 3 Level 3 No. Color % No. Texture % 1 grayish brown 50 1 Clayey silt 50 1 Yellowish brown 50 1 Clayey loam 50 Total Total