Lesson II. Biological components of sediments and nutrient ratio considerations
|
|
- Kathryn Hines
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lesson II Biological components of sediments and nutrient ratio considerations Sediment classification Silica cycle The steady state concept Feedbacks
2 Controls on ocean sedimentation Sediment classification? Material supply vs. material export Primary production Transport and aggregation Dissolution processes The control of ocean depth Lateral transport Alteration/formation at the seafloor
3 The distribution of oceanic sediments
4 Sediment thickness
5
6 The age of the seafloor
7 Bathymetry of the word oceans
8 Silicious oozes Mostly in highly productive areas Mostly in relatively deep waters (carbonate imprint) High latitude silicious oozes formed mostly by diatoms Equatorial upwelling silicates formed mostly by Radiolarians
9 Primary production Highest production in The northern Atlantic in spring/summer In the southern circumpolar current in winter In areas of coastal and equatorial upwelling Limitations Light Nutrients Cofactors (Iron etc)
10 The different types of sediment Ice rafted material contains pebbles, boulders etc. Terrigenous sediments: large fraction of land-derived material from chemical weathering and riverine transport Red Clays: Mostly fine-grained terrigenous material far from land in the deep ocean Carbonate: large fraction of skeletal material from carbonate-building phyto- and zooplankton Silicates: large fraction of skeletal material from silicate-building phytoand zooplancton
11 Opal preservation Diatomaceous earth, the pinkish white outcrop shown above (near Lovelock, Nevada), is a mineral of plant origin. It represents the accumulation of an enormous number of fossil diatoms (single-celled plants ). It's also known as diatomite or kieselguhr, and it's referred to as white dirt by miners -- in bright sunlight it can be almost as white as new snow. Diatomite has several unique characteristics. Because of its lightness, porosity, and its honeycombed structure, it's an ideal filtering medium. In addition, it's inherently stable and devoid of most trace elements. Thus, diatomite is ideal for use by processors who have very high purity requirements such as the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. epod.usra.edu/archive
12 major component of clays aluminosilicates but, limited availability of dissolved Si thus, can control growth of primary (diatoms) and secondary (radiolarian) producers
13 Silicates Quartz Alumosilicates (clays etc.)
14 Silica Secreting Organisms include: Diatoms which are unicellular alga a few micron to 200 micron in size. They secrete frustules from amorphous hydrated silica (opal). They are abundant in high productivity areas such as coastal upwelling, equatorial regions and high latitude areas. There are some benthic diatoms that are restricted to shallow waters. epod.usra.edu/archive
15 Radiolarians are large zooplankton in the range of 50 to 300 micron. They secrete very intricate shells structures. They are usually abundant in low latitudes. Radiolarian a protozoan
16 The key players Diatoms Radiolarians Silicoflagellates
17 Silica cycle is important because: It is thought that diatoms are one of the dominant organisms responsible for export production from the surface ocean (Dugdale et al., 1995). Silicates may play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Opal accumulation can tell us where export production has occurred on time scales of hundreds to millions of yeas: paleoproductivity information (Ragueneau et al., 2000). But careful: see feedback tale at end of lesson Mean ocean residence time for silicate is ~ kyr (Treguer et al. 1995), short enough that concentrations and fluxes can respond to glacial/interglacial perturbations.
18 Sources rivers (~80% total)- but careful: - non conservative behavior eolian seafloor weathering hydrothermal
19 What s the source of dissolved Si in the river water? High River Flow dissolved Si Low River Flow What is the Si removal process? Diatom Production
20 Seasonal variation often observed due to changes in: weathering intensity and/or source of water discharge within drainage basin diatom production Columbia River Have Dams Made An Impact?
21 Biogenic opale in sediments Caution with %- may depend on the rate of accumulation of nonopal components.
22 Rain rate Higher nutrients = higher biogenic silica production Ecological factors determine that when nutrients are high, diatoms flourish
23 Preservation of biogenic silica FSi: Flux of particulate biogenic opale through the water column Water column Dissolution in part speciesdependent In the water column, the distribution in the ocean can be only modelled with T-dependent opale dissolution kinetics Z: Water depth k: first order kinetic constant for the dissolution of opale wf: Particle settling velocity (50m/day) T a : absolute temperature Gnanadesikan, GBC 13, , 1999.
24 Deep waters of Pacific are more silica-enriched than Atlantic. Hence, surface waters influenced by upwelling in Pacific host greater diatom (and radiolarian) production than those in the Atlantic.
25 Pacific deep waters more silica enriched than Atlantic Pacific surface waters influenced by upwelling host greater diatom (and radiolarian) production than those in Atlantic
26 Thermodynamic driving force For biogenic silica o C), K eq = {H 4 SiO 4 }/({SiO 2 }{H 2 O} 2 } {H 4 SiO 4 } = 2.0x10-3 M (2000 μm) Measured silicate concentrations in seawater are: 1-2 x 10-5 M (10-20 μm) in surface waters 1-2 x 10-4 M ( μm) in deep waters Ocean is undersaturated everywhere with respect to biosi
27 Solubility of quartz and amorphous silica
28 SiO 2 + H 2 O Si(OH) 4 K eq = [Si(OH) 4 ] [Si(OH) 4 ] < 200 μm everywhere in the ocean Biogenic SiO 2 wants to dissolve everywhere in the ocean aka Si(OH) 4
29 Opal accumulation rates are greatest in sediments beneath high productivity regions. Diatom and radiolarian productivity are maximal in nutrient-rich, upwelling regions. Sediments with highest concentration of opal coincide with these regions high in: Arabian Sea Peruvian coast and westward along the equator North African coast and westward along the equator Southern Ocean Bering Sea
30 Factors controlling this distribution Rain rate of skeletal debris Thermodynamic driving force for dissolution of this rain, i.e., the degree of undersaturation of bottom waters: (C sat C bottom ) Remember that C sat in turn depends on temperature and pressure (K sp ). Burial efficiency -degree to which this biogenic phase is diluted on the ocean floor by nonbiogenic silica phases
31 Preservation of biogenic silica Sediments Thermodynamic driving force: T, P, ph, ΔC Rainrate of opal Total rain rate => high opaline production enhances the fraction buried in the sediments => high total production enhances the fraction of opal buried in the sediments The mechanisms of silicate preservation enhance the contrast of the production pattern! Nice quantitative approach in Broecker and Peng: Tracers in the sea 1982
32 Why are opal deposits observed anywhere? Burial efficiency = A opal /R opal For a given thermodynamic driving force, the solution rate for opal will be proportional to the fraction of opal in the sediment
33 R C bottom S C saturation [Si] in porewater set by: C pore D d 2 C/dz 2 = -k (C sat C pore ) A = R - S A Dissolved Si Profile in Sediment
34
35 The silicate cycle (Intro) Tréguer et al., Science, 268, (1995) Dissolved silica mostly (>95%) as monomeric silicid acid Si(OH) 4 Total content about mol Surface waters concentrations from > 2μM (central gyres) to >80 μm in Antarctic winter waters Deep waters from μm in the North Atlantic to μM in the Pacific Ocean generally saturated for most lithogenic materials (100μM for quarz, 220μM for montmorillonite, but undersaturated with respect to biogenic silica (roughly 1000μM at deep ocean temperatures
36 The silicate cycle (Inputs of silicic acid) Particulate silicates from rivers settle fast and do not contribute Rivers and groundwaters contain silicic acid from weathering reactions of silicates with kinetics covering several orders of magnitude (see Lasaga et al., GCA 58, (1994) Average river water silicic acid content about 150μm, but varies with latitude (how, why?) Biological uptake / remineralization lead to loss of about 10 % of river supply. Riverine input of 5.6±0.6 Tmol/yr 0.6 ±0.5 Tmol/yr Aeolian input about 10Tmol/yr, 5% dissolved (Direct measurements + Si/Geratios Seafloor weathering of basalts about 0.4 ±0.5 Tmol/yr, but estimates vary by an order of magnitude and situation of leaching from clays is unclear. Tréguer et al., Science, 268, (1995)
37 Production and burial of biogenic silica Tréguer et al., Science, 268, (1995) Large variations of estimates of opal production based on 14 C productivity and gross C/Si-ratios Tréguer estimates Tg based on PP of 60 Gton C, diatom contribution to PP of 35% for oligotrophic gyres and 75% for coastal and Antarctic ocean, and 80% of oligotrophic contribution to global PP, and Si/C of 0.13 in well-fed diatoms Internal cycling by mass balances and marine Si distribution Burial rates of 6.1 ± 1.8 Tmol/yr, based on sed. accumulation rates, dry densities, and biogenic sediment content. About 70% of this in the Antarctic ocean (Why?). Residence times of yrs for (burial) or 400 yrs (biological uptake) What does that tell us?
38 averages ~150 μm Total content ~ 10 5 Tmol τ ocean = 15,000 yrs τ surface = 400 yrs Average Ocean [Si] ~ 70μM Si supplied to surface waters is cycled ~40x before permanent removal in sediments Steady State: Accounted: 6.1 Tmol/yr (x10 12 mol)
39 What we just learned. Steady state concept Reservoir size(s) For each reservoir, total losses match total inputs Residence time concept External (input, sink) Internal (process turnover) Tréguer et al., Science, 268, (1995)
40 Feedbacks pco 2 -T surface -CO 2 solubility f (T) pco 2 -T surface - Ocean circulation pco 2 => weathering (slow) Some more sophisticated controls Here: Change in major nutrient ratios
41 Advanced studies: Silicate removal by damming Humborg et al., Nature 386, , Danube river accounts for about 70% of the riverine runoff into the Black Sea Was dammed by the iron gates about 1000 km upstream in 1972 Mean silicate concentration fell from about 140μM (in ) to less then 60μM today, and shows unusal dependence on (artificial) flow regime Artificial lake effect Effect more than compensated for nitrate and phosphate by eutrophication Silicate concentrations in the Black sea: a: winter silicate concentrations about 60 nm from the Danube river; b Silicate concentrations in the central Black Sea during nitrate-depleted conditions
42 Advanced studies: Silicate removal by damming Humborg et al., Nature 386, , Si:N ratios decreased from 42 to 2.8, also driven by rise in median nitrate concentrations from 1.3mM in the early 60th to 7.9mM in the 1980th. Increase in phytoplancton blooms, stronger increase in non-silica forming phytoplancton ( in particular coccolithophores) Change in biological assemblages as well as the ratio of silicate forming to carbonate-forming species
43 HNLC-Areas
44 Advanced studies: changing productivity in the ocean by iron fertilization Martin et al., 1994
45 Advanced studies: changing productivity in the ocean by iron fertilization Martin et al., 1994
46 Advanced studies: The effect of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms Takeda, Nature 393, , In the subarctic Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific, and the Southern Oceans, all major nutrients are available (HNLCareas) Growth limited by availablility of iron Iron fertilization considered to increase the uptake of fossil-fuel CO2 Availability of iron fosters production, but also changes Si:N and Si:P ratios
47 A possible player in glacialinterglacial CO 2 fluctuations
Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions
Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 15 and 16 Outline I. Deep sea sedimentation Detrital sediments
More informationMarine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4
Marine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4 Why Sediments? Record of Earth s history - Tectonic plate movement - Past changes in climate - Ancient ocean circulation currents - Cataclysmic events 1 Classification
More informationProcesses affecting continental shelves
Marine Sediments Continental Shelves Processes affecting continental shelves 1. Glaciation 2. Sea-level change (±130 m during continental glaciation) 3. Waves and currents 4. Sedimentation 5. Carbonate
More informationSediments, Sedimentation, and Paleoceanography. -Types of sediments -Distribution of ocean sediments and Processes of sedimentation -Paleoceanography
Sediments, Sedimentation, and Paleoceanography -Types of sediments -Distribution of ocean sediments and Processes of sedimentation -Paleoceanography Sediments Sources of sediment: 1. living organisms (biogenic:
More informationEPSS 15 Fall 2017 Introduction to Oceanography. Marine Sediments
EPSS 15 Fall 2017 Introduction to Oceanography Marine Sediments INTRODUCTION There are two basic methods used for classification of marine sediments: genetic and descriptive. Genetic classifications distinguish
More informationSCOPE 35 Scales and Global Change (1988)
1. Types and origins of marine sediments 2. Distribution of sediments: controls and patterns 3. Sedimentary diagenesis: (a) Sedimentary and organic matter burial (b) Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition
More informationChapter 4 Marine Sediments
Chapter 4 Marine Sediments Chapter Overview Marine sediments are important because contain a record of Earth history & provide clues to understand it Marine organism distribution Ocean floor movements
More informationWhere is all the water?
Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001
More informationOcean Sediments. Key Concepts
Ocean Sediments Key Concepts 1. What are the processes that control what types of sediments are deposited in which places? 2. Conversely, how can we use the sedimentary record to figure out tectonic and
More informationOCN 201: Deep-Sea Sediments
OCN 201: Deep-Sea Sediments Eric Heinen De Carlo, F2011 Where is the Sediment? Continental Margins: 87% (covers ~21% of ocean area) Deep-ocean floor: 13% ~21% ~87% Sediment Deposition Rates (time to deposit
More informationGlobal phosphorus cycle
Global phosphorus cycle OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 11 April 2013 2013 Arisa Okazaki and Kathleen Ruttenberg Outline 1. Introduction on global phosphorus (P) cycle 2. Terrestrial environment 3. Atmospheric
More informationOcean Sediments OCN Nov 2016
Ocean Sediments OCN 401 10 Nov 2016 Outline Significance & terms Origin & distribution of major types of marine sediments Delivery - dissolution destruction mid-ocean ridges Significance of ocean sediments
More informationAnnouncements. First problem set due next Tuesday. Review for first exam next Thursday. Quiz on Booth (1994) after break today.
Announcements First problem set due next Tuesday. Review for first exam next Thursday. Quiz on Booth (1994) after break today. Intertidal, Lowes Cove, ME Marine Sediments: Clues to the ocean s past There
More informationContinent-Ocean Interaction: Role of Weathering
Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics (Build. B5c) Room 0/13 email: Guy.Munhoven@ulg.ac.be Phone: 04-3669771 28th February 2018 Organisation of the Lecture 1 Carbon cycle processes time scales modelling:
More informationMarine Sediments. Introductory Oceanography. Ray Rector: Instructor
Marine Sediments Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector: Instructor Ocean Basins are Vast Sinks for Huge Amounts of Sediment from Numerous Different Sources Four Major Types of Seafloor Sediments 1. Lithogenous
More informationMarine Sediments Chapter Four Chapter Overview Marine Sediments Approaching the bottom (Alvin) Marine Sediments Classification of Marine Sediments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Marine Sediments Chapter Four Chapter Overview Marine sediments contain a record of Earth history. Marine sediments provide many important resources. Marine sediments have origins
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationSiliceous sedimentary rocks (cherts)
Siliceous sedimentary rocks (cherts) Introduction Siliceous sedimentary rocks are fine-grained, dense, very hard rocks composed of the SiO2 minerals quartz, chalcedony, and opal. Chert is the general group
More informationChemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.)
Ocean 421 Your Name Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.) 1. Due to the water molecule's (H 2 O) great abundance in
More informationQuestion. What caused the recent explosive eruptions of hot ash and gas at Kilauea s Halema uma u crater:
OCN 201 Deep Sea Sediments Question What caused the recent explosive eruptions of hot ash and gas at Kilauea s Halema uma u crater: A. The interaction of lava with seawater B. Drainage of the lava lake
More information2/16/2014. Chapter Overview. Marine Sediments. Approaching the bottom (Alvin) Classification of Marine Sediments. Marine Sediments
Chapter Overview Marine sediments contain a record of Earth history. Marine sediments provide many important resources. Marine sediments have origins from a variety of sources. Marine Sediments Chapter
More informationCarbon - I This figure from IPCC, 2001 illustrates the large variations in atmospheric CO 2 (a) Direct measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentration, and O 2 from 1990 onwards. O 2 concentration is the
More informationFigure 65: Reservoir in a steady state condition where the input flux is equal to the output flux and the reservoir size remains constant.
7. The carbon cycle 7.1. Box model of the carbon cycle Without the greenhouse effect, our planet would experience a permanent ice age and life as we know it would not be possible. The main contributors
More informationCARBONATES. part 3 MICRITES, CHALK and CHERTS: a very simple introduction to carbonates and silica in deep ocean waters
CARBONATES part 3 MICRITES, CHALK and CHERTS: a very simple introduction to carbonates and silica in deep ocean waters notes from lecture: a quick summary Chalk (in white) and Chert Nodules (in black)
More informationCarbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 15 March 2018 Reading: Libes, Chapter 15, pp. 383 389 (Remainder of chapter will be used with the classes Global Carbon Dioxide and Biogenic
More informationReading Material. See class website. Sediments, from Oceanography M.G. Gross, Prentice-Hall
Reading Material See class website Sediments, from Oceanography M.G. Gross, Prentice-Hall Materials filling ocean basins Dissolved chemicals especially from rivers and mid-ocean ridges (volcanic eruptions)
More informationPhysiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p.
Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p. 2 Mid-Ocean Ridge Province p. 3 Benthic and Pelagic Provinces
More informationLaboratory#6 Sediment Particle Size Distribution and Turbidity Flows
Laboratory#6 Sediment Particle Size Distribution and Turbidity Flows Although this laboratory will pertain to oceanic sediments similar processes can also be observed on land and other aquatic systems
More informationEarly diagenesis in marine sediments
Early diagenesis in marine sediments Why study this part of the ocean? Particle flux to the sea floor ocean surface sediments early diagenesis layer Biogeochemical reactions Why study this part of the
More informationEssentials of Oceanography
Chapter Chapter 1 4 Clickers Lecture Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Marine Sediments Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter Overview Marine sediments contain a record of Earth history.
More informationPhytoplankton. Zooplankton. Nutrients
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Nutrients Patterns of Productivity There is a large Spring Bloom in the North Atlantic (temperate latitudes remember the Gulf Stream!) What is a bloom? Analogy to terrestrial
More informationLife on Earth
Life on Earth By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs, self-feeding, e.g. plants (phyto-) b) Heterotrophs, eat others, e.g. animals (zoo-) By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b)
More informationDissolution of olivine (potential, side effects) in simulated CO 2 removal experiments
Peter Köhler 1 October 2015 Dissolution of olivine (potential, side effects) in simulated CO 2 removal experiments enhanced weathering, ocean alkalinization, ocean fertilization Peter Köhler, Judith Hauck
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Oceans: The Last Frontier Foundations, 6e - Chapter 9 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The vast world ocean Earth is often referred
More informationXI. the natural carbon cycle. with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State)
XI. the natural carbon cycle with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State) outline properties of carbon the terrestrial biological cycle of carbon the ocean cycle of carbon carbon in the rock cycle overview
More informationThe Ocean Floor Chapter 14. Essentials of Geology, 8e. Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College
The Ocean Floor Chapter 14 Essentials of Geology, 8e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College The vast world ocean Earth is often referred to as the water planet 71% of Earth s surface
More informationOceanography Lecture 6
Oceanography Lecture 6 Defining Boundaries: 3) 1. Review 2. : a. Introduction b. Classification: Size vs.. Origin c. Factors that control sedimentation d. Sedimentation in the Oceans i. Shelf Sedimentation
More information1 Carbon - Motivation
1 Carbon - Motivation Figure 1: Atmospheric pco 2 over the past 400 thousand years as recorded in the ice core from Vostok, Antarctica (Petit et al., 1999). Figure 2: Air-sea flux of CO 2 (mol m 2 yr 1
More information/ Past and Present Climate
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.842 / 12.301 Past and Present Climate Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. The Faint Young
More informationPart 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation
OCN 401 Biogeochemical Systems (10.19.17) (Schlesinger: Chapter 9) Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation 1. Introduction Lecture Outline 2. Ocean Circulation a) Global Patterns in T, S, ρ b) Thermohaline
More informationLecture 16 - Stable isotopes
Lecture 16 - Stable isotopes 1. The fractionation of different isotopes of oxygen and their measurement in sediment cores has shown scientists that: (a) ice ages are common and lasted for hundreds of millions
More information(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water.
Lecture 12 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1) If rivers are the chief source of the dissolved salts in seawater, why is seawater not simply a concentrated version of average composition of all rivers? The
More information- vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01)
Chapter 10: Biolimiting Elements James W. Murray - vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01) By definition, biolimiting elements are those: necessary to
More informationOcean Chemical Dynamics. EAS 2200 Lecture 21
Ocean Chemical Dynamics EAS 2200 Lecture 21 Summary of Water s H-bonding accounts for high heat capacity, latent heats of fusion and evaporation. important for heat transport, transfer to atmosphere, and
More informationLecture 26: Marine Geology Read: Chapter 21 Homework due December 3
Learning Objectives (LO) Lecture 26: Marine Geology Read: Chapter 21 Homework due December 3 What we ll learn today:! 1. Describe the world s five oceans! 2. Understand patterns of ocean circulation! 3.
More informationClimate Variability Studies in the Ocean
Climate Variability Studies in the Ocean Topic 1. Long-term variations of vertical profiles of nutrients in the western North Pacific Topic 2. Biogeochemical processes related to ocean carbon cycling:
More informationPrimary Productivity (Phytoplankton) Lab
Name: Section: Due Date: Lab 10A-1 Primary Productivity (Phytoplankton) Lab Before Coming to Lab: Read Chapter 13 (387-424) in Thurman & Trujillo, 11 th ed. The purpose of this lab is to familiarize you
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. e b c d a Column A 1. German
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationChapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals
Chapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land 3.2 From land to sea 3.3 Clay sedimentation in the sea 1 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land Deserts Glaciers Rivers Lacustrine 2 University
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 1. German research
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I Reservoirs and Fluxes OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 November 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 Outline 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs 3. The contemporary
More informationThe Sea Floor and Its Sediments OCEA 101
The Sea Floor and Its Sediments OCEA 101 Measuring the depth of the ocean 85BC Posidonius measured depth of Med using rope and rock as ~2000m. Same idea used for next 2000 yrs using graduated ropes and
More informationChapter 9 Lecture Outline. Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 9 Lecture Outline Oceans: The Last Frontier The Vast World Ocean Earth is referred to as the blue planet 71% of Earth s surface is oceans and marginal seas Continents and islands comprise the remaining
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 13 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 13 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs Outline 3. The contemporary global C cycle 4. Fluxes and residence
More informationHydrological Cycle Rain and rivers OUTLINE
Hydrological Cycle Rain and rivers The Hydrosphere Rain and rivers OUTLINE 1 Generalizations (non-political conservatism) Conservative (not affected) and Non-Conservative (affected) Ions Distinction: whether
More informationActual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations?
Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Observations? Patterns? Observations? Patterns? Geometry of the ocean Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Continental Continental Basin
More informationWednesday week 12. These ions move through the soil to streams and eventually to the ocean. In the ocean; CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 O + H 2 O
Wednesday week 12 I. Control of CO 2 content of atmosphere by the ocean H 4 SiO 4 A. Consider a hypothetical planet with a crust made of single mineral (Wallastonite) CaSiO3. We could use the composition
More informationWhat are the mechanisms of C preservation?
What are the mechanisms of C preservation? Primary production: The higher PP, the higher the flux of OM, the more rapidly the C/N/P transits the reactive zone of active C degradation. Oxygen: Anaerobic
More informationESC102. Sedimentary Rocks. Our keys to the past. Monday, February 11, 13
ESC102 Sedimentary Rocks Our keys to the past Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are rocks that form through the accumulation of sediment and the process of lithification. Lithification occurs after deposition
More informationInteractive comment on Ocean Biogeochemistry in the warm climate of the Late Paleocene by M. Heinze and T. Ilyina
Clim. Past Discuss., www.clim-past-discuss.net/10/c1158/2014/ Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribute 3.0 License. Climate of the Past Discussions Open Access comment
More informationQuestion: What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast?
Buzzer Question # 1 Question Type: toss-up Question Format: Multiple Choice Category: Biology What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast? Answer W: upwelling Answer
More informationLecture 18 Paleoceanography 2
Lecture 18 Paleoceanography 2 May 26, 2010 Trend and Events Climatic evolution in Tertiary Overall drop of sea level General cooling (Figure 9-11) High latitude (deep-water) feature Two major step Middle
More informationLong-term Climate Change. We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold.
Long-term Climate Change We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold. Long-term Climate Change The Archean is thought to have been warmer,
More informationA bit of background on carbonates. CaCO 3 (solid)
A bit of background on carbonates CaCO 3 (solid) Organisms need both carbon dioxide and carbonate Kleypas et al 2005 The two pumps put CO 2 into the deep ocean The long term record of climate change Or:
More informationHydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering. Marine Chemistry Seminar
Hydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering Marine Chemistry Seminar 1974 Drever, The Sea Chapter 10:The Magnesium Problem 1979 Edmonds et al., Ridge Crest Hydrothermal Activity and the Balances of Major
More informationEarth Science 11: Earth Materials, Sedimentary Rocks
Name: Date: Earth Science 11: Earth Materials, Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 1, pages 56 to 66 2.4: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rock Formation All sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation
More informationOil. Oil. Early common mistakes in the oil business.
Oil www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/pennsylvania.html Early common mistakes in the oil business Oil www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/pennsylvania.html 1 Climate More recent common
More informationCO2 in atmosphere is influenced by pco2 of surface water (partial pressure of water is the CO2 (gas) that would be in equilibrium with water).
EART 254, Lecture on April 6 & 11, 2011 Introduction (skipped most of this) Will look at C and N (maybe) cycles with respect to how they influence CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Ocean chemistry controls
More informationThis Week: Biogeochemical Cycles. Hydrologic Cycle Carbon Cycle
This Week: Biogeochemical Cycles Hydrologic Cycle Carbon Cycle Announcements Reading: Chapters 4 (p. 74 81) and 8 Another Problem Set (Due next Tuesday) Exam 2: Friday Feb 29 My office hours today and
More information14.2 Ocean Floor Features Mapping the Ocean Floor
14.2 Ocean Floor Features Mapping the Ocean Floor The ocean floor regions are the continental margins, the ocean basin floor, and the mid-ocean ridge. 14.2 Ocean Floor Features Continental Margins A continental
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Why is organic matter such a good electron donor? Every (other) breath you take is a
More informationOcean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM
OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one best answer from the list, and write the letter legibly in the blank to the left of the question. 2 points
More information1. Oceans. Example 2. oxygen.
1. Oceans a) Basic facts: There are five oceans on earth, making up about 72% of the planet s surface and holding 97% of the hydrosphere. Oceans supply the planet with most of its oxygen, play a vital
More informationLesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow
Lesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow Lesson Objectives: Introduces students to the different kinds of ice found in Antarctica, Students will become familiar
More informationNC Earth Science Essential Standards
NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.
More informationElements of Ocean Engineering Prof. Ashoke Bhar Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Elements of Ocean Engineering Prof. Ashoke Bhar Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 4 Physical Oceanography - IV (Refer Slide Time:
More informationSediment and Sedimentary rock
Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, silt or mud, which are not cemented together. Mechanical and chemical weathering produces
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes
OCN 401-10 Nov. 16, 2010 KCR Global Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes The Global carbon cycle Reservoirs: biomass on land in the oceans, atmosphere, soil and rocks, waters Processes:
More information13. Sedimentary Rocks I (p )
13. Sedimentary Rocks I (p. 194-208) Sediment Deposition Weathering results in rock being broken down into smaller fragments, called regolith. This regolith is then broken down to form soil. The regolith
More informationLecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition. Sets up electric dipole because O is more electronegative A o. Figure 3.
12.742 - Marine Chemistry Fall 2004 Lecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition Prof. Scott Doney What is seawater? Water Dissolved inorganic salts (major ions) Trace species, organics, colloids,
More informationEPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
More informationPart II: Past climates
Part II: Past climates This week Solid Earth - excerpts of Ch 7 Carbon cycle - Ch 8 Early unexplainable things about the Earth Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener, 1920s) Ocean basins: trenches and midocean
More informationUNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS Sediments are loose Earth materials (unconsolidated materials) such as sand which are transported by the action of water, wind, glacial ice and gravity. These
More informationThe calcite lysocline as a constraint on glacial/interglacial low-latitude production changes
GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, VOL. 12, NO. 3, PAGES 409-427, SEPTEMBER 1998 The calcite lysocline as a constraint on glacial/interglacial low-latitude production changes Daniel M. Sigman, Daniel C. McCorkle,
More informationIntroduction to Oceanography
Introduction to Oceanography Lecture 10: Marine sediment 2 Midterm review session (Q&A): Thursday, Oct. 26, 5:00p-6:00p, Dodd 147 Extra credit video screening: Friday, Oct. 27, 3:00-4:00p, Location TBD
More informationThe role of dust in the cycling of iron in the ocean
The role of dust in the cycling of iron in the ocean Christoph Völker, Ying Ye Alfred Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Meteorologisches Kolloquium Leipzig, 3. November 2016 THE OCEAN IS
More informationBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BASICS Biogeochemical Cycle: The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components, or reservoirs, of Earth s system (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere)
More informationLesson: Primary Production
Lesson: Primary Production By Keith Meldahl Corresponding to Chapter 14: Primary Producers Microscopic phytoplankton -- tiny single-celled plants that float at the ocean s surface, are the ultimate food
More informationWater percolating through hot lava dissolves soluble minerals containing chlorine, bromine and sulphur compounds
Figure 5 The sources of dissolved ions in sea water. Water falls as rain Compounds containing mainly calcium, magnesium, carbonate and silicate ions are leached from the soil Rivers carry ions in solution
More informationkey to long-term sustainability is recycling..
.. to support life over ~ 4 billion years, Earth must be sustainable system.. key to long-term sustainability is recycling.. Earth System how are key elements needed for life (C, N, P) recycled on the
More informationEarth / Environmental Science. Ch. 14 THE OCEAN FLOOR
Earth / Environmental Science Ch. 14 THE OCEAN FLOOR The Blue Planet Nearly 70% of the Earth s surface is covered by the global ocean It was not until the 1800s that the ocean became an important focus
More informationMs. A. Mormando's Class *
8 th Grade Science Essential Standard: 8.E.1.1 Explain the structure of the hydrosphere including: Water distribution on Earth; Local river basin and water availability Stream - A stream is a body of water
More informationVersion2 Fall True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
Version2 Fall 2004 True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. 1. Short residence time elements are found in the greatest concentration near their point of removal from the
More informationWhat can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2?
What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2? QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Bob Anderson,
More informationThe role of sub-antarctic mode water in global biological production. Jorge Sarmiento
The role of sub-antarctic mode water in global biological production Jorge Sarmiento Original motivation Sediment traps suggest that ~one-third of the particulate organic matter flux at 200 m continues
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error
Supplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error of measurement (s.e.m.). 1 Supplementary Figure 2. Particle
More informationSediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment
Sediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) Sedimentary
More information