What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2?
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1 What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2? QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Bob Anderson, Gisela Winckler, Martin Fleisher Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Exploring Ocean Iron Fertilization, WHOI, September, 2007
2 Warmer Ice core records show tight coupling between CO 2 & Climate From Brook, 2005 Comment on Siegenthaler et al., 2005 CO 2 Climate
3 How did the ocean lower glacial atmospheric CO 2 levels? Plausible mechanisms 1) Increased strength of the biological pump Increase nutrient inventory (capacity) Increase nutrient utilization (efficiency; today at ~50%) 2) Increase ocean ALK/DIC ratio ([CO 3 2- ]) Continental weathering Shelf-basin fractionation ( Coral Reef hypothesis) C-org/CaCO 3 ratios ( Rain Ratio hypothesis)
4 Biological pump of Sigman & Boyle, 2000 CO 2 CO 2 What does efficiency of the biological pump mean? It is the fraction of upwelled nutrients that are utilized and exported to depth as organic matter. Regeneration + DIC!! Preformed nutrients are the master variable to characterize the efficiency of the biological pump.
5 Sensitivity of CO 2 to preformed nutrients pco2 vs Preformed PO4 Princeton Ocean GCM runs with different nutrient utilization scenarios. Constant ocean nutrient inventory Marinov et al., Nature, 2006
6 Annual average Nitrate Concentration at 20 m Levitus Nitrate - Color Levitus Nitrate Only about half of the upwelled nitrate is used by phytoplankton. Efficiency of the Biological Pump today is low. Potential to alter CO 2 is high. From: iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/sources/.levitus94
7 Martin s Iron Hypothesis Dust is inversely correlated with CO 2 in Antarctic ice core records -- is there a causal relationship? Martin (1990) reasoned that increased dust fluxes relaxed Fe limitation in the glacial Southern Ocean, allowing increased efficiency of the biological pump to draw down atmospheric CO 2
8 Antarctic Ice Core Dust (Fe) - CO 2 (anti)correlation CO 2 (ppm) Fe flux (µg m -2 yr -1 ) Fe flux from Wolff et al., Nature 2006; CO 2 from Brook, Science 2005
9 Questions to ask of the paleo record: 1) Did dust affect Productivity in HNLC regions? 2) Did other sources of Fe have a significant impact on productivity? 3) What caused glacial CO 2 to be ppm lower?
10 Questions to ask of the paleo record: 1) Did dust affect Productivity in HNLC regions? (No) 2) Did other sources of Fe have a significant impact on productivity? (I think so) 3) What caused glacial CO 2 to be ppm lower? (?)
11 Equatorial Pacific RC X VNTR 08 Search for evidence of dust influence in regions with paired records of dust flux and paleoproductivity.
12 Equatorial Pacific Dust-Climate Correlation Dust flux proxy West East Winckler et al., submitted Global ice volume proxy Dust flux proxy is tightly correlated with climate Glacial-interglacial amplitude ~2.5X at all sites
13 Equatorial Pacific - Antarctica Correlation Winckler et al., submitted Internally-consistent change in dust flux from at least 3 sources suggests control by global hydrological cycle
14 CEP - No Productivity Response TT013-PC72 Equator, 140 W Productivity Barite Flux (mg cm -2 ky -1 ) Barite PP Th-232 Dust Age (ka) Th Flux (µg cm -2 ky -1 ) Dust 232 Th flux (Dust proxy) - Winckler et al., submitted Barite concentration - Paytan, 1995 Barite flux (PP proxy) - Anderson et al., in press Proxy records for paleoproductivity and dust flux are uncorrelated over the last 3 glacial cycles
15 EEP - No Productivity Response TT013-PC72 Equator, 140 W VNTR08 & ODP 849, Eq., 110 W Productivity Barite Flux (mg cm -2 ky -1 ) VNTR08-Barite ODP849-Th PC72-Th Th Flux (µg cm -2 ky -1 ) Dust Age (ka) 232 Th flux (Dust proxy) - PC72, Anderson et al., 2006; ODP849, Winckler et al., sub. VNTR08 Barite Flux (PP proxy) - Barite conc. Paytan, 1995 Sediment flux - Pichat et al., 2004 Productivity shows no response to a 2-fold drop in dust flux over the last deglaciation
16 Equatorial Pacific: Increased glacial dust fluxes had no detectable effect on export production.
17 What about the Southern Ocean? Levitus Nitrate - Color Levitus Nitrate Here, increased nutrient utilization south of the Antarctic Polar Front has the greatest potential to affect atmospheric CO 2. From: iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/sources/.levitus94
18 LGM minus Modern Export Production (synthesis of published data; all proxies) High glacial productivity is restricted to the Subantarctic zone Iron fertilization was not pervasive throughout the Southern Ocean Kohfeld, LeQuéré, Harrison and Anderson, Science, 2005
19 Sites around the Southern Ocean with detailed records showing glacial productivity < interglacial Nutrient utilization south of the APF has the greatest potential to impact global inventory of preformed nutrients. Marinov et al., (2006)
20 SW Pacific - Two Cores & Three Proxies Consistently show glacial productivity < Holocene Anderson et al., 2002
21 S Atlantic Productivity anti-correlated with dust S Atlantic core RC S, 5 W EDC Fe Flux (µg m -2 y -1 ) Diatom Productivity Proxy Opal Flux (g cm -2 ky -1 ) EDC Fe Flux (µg m -2 y -1 ) Export Production Proxy xsba Flux (mg cm -2 ky -1 ) Age (ka) Opal & Ba fluxes: Anderson et al., EPICA Dome C Fe flux: Wolff et al., 2006
22 Site is downwind of the Patagonian dust source If dust-borne Fe stimulated nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean, then it should have been evident here.
23 Southern Ocean (South of APF): Any iron fertilization by increased glacial dust fluxes was more than offset by other factors that reduced export production.
24 Did Fe have any impact on glacial productivity in the Southern Ocean?
25 LGM minus Modern Export Production (synthesis of published data; all proxies) Hot Spots - Subantarctic Sites Experienced High Productivity Kohfeld, LeQuéré, Harrison and Anderson, Science, 2005
26 Examples from Subantarctic Hot Spot
27 Higher Subantarctic Productivity in LGM supported by order of magnitude greater C-org burial Patterns reproduced in two cores C-org Flux (mmol m -2 yr -1 ) Glacial Changes were BIG! Age (ky) Interglacial RC RC15-93 Anderson et al., 1998, 2002
28 Why such different behavior among cores downwind of Patagonia? Blue = Lower glacial productivity; Red = Higher glacial productivity Contours = Summer Nitrate µm; ample nutrients N of APF
29 Why such different behavior among cores? Is the APF (convergence) a barrier to supply of essential factor?
30 Patagonian ice sheet during glacial times delivered Ice- Rafted Debris (IRD) to the Southern Ocean
31 Modern ALACE float tracks show that currents would have carried Patagonian IRD into the S Atlantic Courtesy of S. Gille, SIO
32 Icebergs as a source of Fe - location matters! QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Antarctic Subpolar Alaskan photos from John Crusius QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
33 APF would have been a barrier to icebergs, IRD, and any Fe released from IRD QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
34 Evidence for Patagonian Fe fertilization? 1) YES - Isotopic and mineralogical data; Diekmann, Walter, Kuhn, & others at AWI; 2) Nd isotopes in Cape Basin (highlighted star)
35 S America S Africa ε Nd ε Nd TN TN57-21 eps Nd & productivity Depth (cm) MIS 2 MIS 3 end U auth end Alkenone Flux Depth (cm) MIS Th-n Alkenone Flux (ng/cm 2 /ka) Authigenic U (dpm/g) Cape Basin: Nd isotopes correlate with productivity proxies May reflect Fe supply. Alkenone Flux Sachs & Anderson, 2003 Uranium Sachs & Anderson, 2005 εnd Piotrowski et al., 2005
36 LGM minus Modern Export Production (synthesis of published data; all proxies) Ongoing Hypothesis- Hot Spots reflect Fe from Patagonia & Kerguelan Current work on S Pacific shows no hot spots; supports local Fe fertilization Kohfeld, LeQuéré, Harrison and Anderson, Science, 2005
37 Summary: No evidence for Fe fertilization of HNLC regions (EqPac & So. Ocean) by increased glacial dust fluxes. Subantarctic: Hot spots of high productivity may have been fertilized by local sources of Fe; not dust, maybe icebergs. Impact of Subantarctic on CO 2 minor because disconnected from main inventory of preformed nutrients. Increased ocean stratification, with feedbacks from CaCO 3 compensation, lowered glacial atm. CO 2 (Marchitto et al., Science, 2007)
38 What caused lower glacial CO 2? Increased ocean stratification was a primary factor. Marchitto et al, Science, 2007 Indirect evidence from 14 C of benthic forams at 700m in N Pacific. Accelerated overturning of deep waters brought CO 2 to the atm., and 14 C-depleted DIC, both to intermediate depths and to the atm.
39 More direct evidence: Deglacial increase in So Ocean upwelling coincided with rise in CO 2 and drop in 14 C of Atm. CO 2 IntCal Atm. 14 C from Reimer et al., 2004 Hughen Atm. 14 C from Cariaco Basin. Hughen et al., 2006 CO 2 from Monnin et al., EPSL, 2004 Increased Upwelling Increased Upwelling Opal MAR (g cm -2 kyr -1 ) Opal MAR (g cm -2 kyr -1 ) Opal flux from TN057-13PC 53.2 S, 5.1 E F(opal) Hughen06 IntCal04 ACR ACR F(opal) CO C of Atm. CO 2 ( ) Dome C CO 2 (ppm) Age (ka)
40 Deglacial increase in upwelling is evident at sites all around the Southern Ocean Red star = TN057-13
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