Geography Department AS Topic Summary:

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1 Geography Department AS Topic Summary: AS AQA, Specification A Glaciation and Cold Environments At the end of the unit, read through the list of key questions, issues and case study information and tick the appropriate box. This will highlight any areas that may need extra revision for the examination! Key Questions, Issues and Case Study Information The Location: The global distribution of cold environments: o Polar (land and marine based) o Alpine o Glacial and periglacial Ice Movement and Glaciers as systems: Types of flow o Internal deformation o Rotation o Compression o Extension o Basal sliding Warm and cold based glaciers Glacial budgets Glacial processes and landscape development: Glacial processes freeze-thaw, abrasion, plucking (regelation), nivation Valley glacier landforms: o Erosional Cirques (corrie), tarn, arêtes, pyramidal peak, horns, U- shaped valleys (glacial troughs), hanging valleys, truncated spurs, ribbon lakes, roches moutonnees, crag and tail. Striations o Transportation englacial, subglacial, supraglacial load. o Depositional erratics, drumlins. moraines terminal, lateral, medial, push, ground, recessional. o Till characteristics of glacial deposition unsorted, unstratified, angular. Orientation and use as evidence for direction of ice flow (PPQ rose diagram) Regional scale studies are required and reference is to be made to relict features in the UK and NW Europe and to active features in areas such as the Canadian Northlands. Fluvioglacial and Periglacial processes and landforms: The role of meltwater erosion and deposition. Fluvioglacial landforms: meltwater channels, kames, eskers and outwash plains, varves, kettles, proglacial lakes Location of periglacial areas Processes: the active layer, frost heave, solifluction/gelifluction, frost creep and mass movement, aeolian processes loess deposits, meltwater action. Periglacial landforms: Solifluction lobes (stone and turf banked) Coombe and head deposits UK, Thermokarst scenery, Pingos, patterned ground polygons and stone stripes., ice wedges, nivation hollows. Regional scale studies are required and reference is to be made to relict features in the UK and NW Europe and to active features in areas such as the Canadian Northlands. Exploitation and development in tundra areas and the Southern Ocean: The Tundra biome: spatial distributions, variations in its nature, productivity, and controls. The Southern Ocean: ecosystems and food chains. I do not know or understand. of.

2 Geography Department AS Topic Summary: AS AQA, Specification A Rivers, Floods and Management At the end of the unit, read through the list of key questions, issues and case study information and tick the appropriate box. This will highlight any areas that may need extra revision for the examination! Key Questions, Issues and Case Study Information Drainage basin systems: The concept of systems with reference to the hydrological cycle. The hydrological and atmospheric processes related to the inputs, outputs, flows, transfers and stores within this system. The physical and human factors influencing river discharge. An understanding of the concept of river regime and why river discharge varies temporally and spatially. The study of flood hydrographs to illustrate discharge variations. Channel Processes and Landforms: Processes of erosion, transport and deposition. Types, sources and spatial variations in river load, and the consequences of these on channel landforms. The Hjulstrom curve. Long profile and channel cross sections. Valley profiles long profile, changing cross profile downstream, graded profile, potential and kinetic energy. Changing channel characteristics; cross profile, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, roughness, efficiency. How are these linked to velocity and discharge? Erosional landforms: potholes, waterfalls/rapids. Depositional landforms: meanders, oxbow lakes, braiding, lévees, flood plains and deltas. Process and impact of rejuvenation knick points, waterfalls, river terraces and incised meanders. The River Tees is likely to be studied as an example. Flooding and it s Management: The physical causes of flooding. A study of the ways in which human activities may have increased the risk of flooding: changes in land use, river management and climatic change. Magnitude, frequency (risk) analysis. The impact of flooding as a hazard and responses with specific reference to a UK case study and contrasting LEDW case study. Evaluation of responses and resulting issues. Case studies likely to include Boscastle or more recent UK floods and flooding in Bangladesh. The Colorado and the Brahmaputra I do not know or understand. of.

3 are likely to be examined for management responses. Flood management strategies: o hard engineering schemes: dams, straightening, building up of levees, diversion spillways. Three Gorges Dam in China as a case study. o Soft engineering schemes: forecasts and warnings, land use management on floodplain, wetland and riverbank conservation and river restoration. River Quaggy as a case study. Further reading: As part of your AS/A2 studies, there is an expectation that you will undertake outside reading. The following list will help you target your reading around the subject: Reference texts: Bowen, A. and Pallister, J. (2000) AS Level Geography. Heinemann Chapter 1. Waugh, D. (2002) Geography: An integrated approach 3 rd Edition. Nelson Thornes Chapter 3. Other texts: Bishop, V. and Prosser, R. (2001) Water Resources: Process and Management 2 nd Edition. Collins. Ross, S., Morgan, J., and Heelas, R. (2000) Essential AS geography. Stanley Thornes Chapter 7 Digby, B. (1995) The Physical Environment. Heinemann Geography - Chapter 1. Nagle, G. (2000) Advanced Geography. Oxford Chapter 4 and 5 Nagle, G. (2003) Rivers and Water Management. Access to Geography Series Hodder Murray. Journals and other articles: Geography Review: Volume 20, Number 5, May 2007, page 34 The Three Gorges Dam. Volume 20, Number 2, November 2006, page 33 River flows and power laws. Volume 20, Number 1, September 2006, page 24 High tech flood warnings. Volume 19, Number 2, November 2005, page 30 Coweeta: a laboratory for hydrology. Volume 19, Number 1, September 2005, page 30 Flood hazard in the Conwy Valley. Volume 17, Number 4, March 2004, page 16 Reviewing the Hjulstrom curve. Volume 17, Number 4, March 2004, page 36 Flood management in the Thames basin. Volume 16, Number 4, March 2003, page 10 Water, water everywhere. GeoFile for AS/A2: Series 19, Number 399 River management schemes blessing or curse? Series 19, Number 385 Recent floods in the UK. Series 20, Number 424 The floods in Malton, Easter 1999 and Autumn 2000 Causes and response. Series 20, Number 415 The social and environmental impact of dam building in India. Series 20, Number 416 River basin management the Nile and Mississippi. Series 20, Number 418 Should the Columbia river run wild? Series 20, Number 410 Big Dams: Economic, political and social issues. Series 20, Number 411 The River Thames a case study. Series 21, Number 450 A case study of UK flooding The River Uck, East Sussex, Oct Series 22, Number 467 Managing the River Wandle. Series 22, Number 460 Issue Analysis York flood defences. Series 23, Number 494 The Boscastle Floods, 16 th August Series 24, Number 501 Large scale river management the Colorado. Series 25, Number 542 Hydrographs and physical/human impacts. Series 26, Number 563 Deltas. Series 27, Number 579 Pluvial flooding in Kingston upon Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire.

4 Geography Department AS Topic Summary: AS AQA, Specification A Population Change At the end of the unit, read through the list of key questions, issues and case study information and tick the appropriate box. This will highlight any areas that may need extra revision for the examination! Key Questions, Issues and Case Study Information Population indicators: Key terms and concepts: vital rates (birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, infant mortality rate, changes over time, life expectancy, migration rate and population density) for countries at different stages of development. Population change: The demographic transition model (5 stages), its validity and applicability in countries at different stages of development. Population structures at different stages of the demographic transition. The impact of migration in population structure. The implications of different structures for the balance between population and resources. Social, economic and political implications of population change. Attempts to manage population change to achieve sustainable development with reference to case studies of countries at different stages of development. The way population change and migration affects the character of rural and urban areas. Settlement case studies: Comparing two (or more) of the following areas an inner city area, a suburban area, an area of rural/urban fringe and an area of rural settlement. To include reference to characteristics such as: housing, ethnicity, age structure, wealth and employment and the provision of services. The implications of the above for social welfare. I do not know or understand. of. Further reading: As part of your AS/A2 studies, there is an expectation that you will undertake outside reading. Any essay that you submit should show evidence that you have read at least two resources outside of your reference textbooks. You should quote these both in the text and at the end of your essay. Any text taken from a book should be put in quotation marks and have the name(s) of the author, year published and page reference in brackets after the quote. For example: Ice is a powerful agent of erosion-transportation-deposition, capable of creating spectacular landforms. (Bishop and Prosser, 2001, pg. 130)

5 The following list will help you target your reading around the subject: Reference texts: Bowen, A. and Pallister, J. (2001) AS Level Geography. Heinemann Chapter 4. Waugh, D. (2002) Geography: An integrated approach 3 rd Edition. Nelson Thornes Chapter 13. Other texts: Chrispin, J. and Jegede, F. (2000) Population, resources and development. Collins chapters 3, 4 and 5. Ross, S., Morgan, J., and Heelas, R. (2000) Essential AS geography. Stanley Thornes Chapter 4 Nagle, G. (2000) Advanced Geography. Oxford Chapter 11. Guiness, P. (2002) Migration. Hodder Murray. Gillett, J. (2005) Population. Hodder Murray. Journals and other articles: Geography Review: Volume 20, Number 3, January 2007, page 38 Question and Answer: People on the move. Volume 20, Number 2, November 2006, page 10 Growing grey. Volume 19, Number 5, May 2006, page 2 Rural-urban migration in China. Volume 19, Number 5, May 2006, page 37 People on the move: refugees and asylum seekers. Volume 19, Number 3, January , page 2 Population change in the EU. Volume 19, Number 3, January 2006, page 34 Mortality in the UK. Volume 19, Number 1, September 2005, page 2 The gender balance. Volume 18, Number 3, January 2005, page 21 Getting started: Population change and economic development. Volume 17, Number 4, March 2004, page 12 Question and Answer: Population change in the UK. Volume 17, Number 4, March 2004, page 26 International migration: the view from LA. Volume 17, Number 1, September 2003, page 2 Migration and its consequences. GeoFile for AS/A2: Series 19, Number 389 Rural to Urban Migration in the Developing World Series 19, Number 384 Ageing populations: The economic and social consequences. Series 19, Number 387 Population trends: Stage 5 of the DTM. Series 21, Number 445 Population change in the UK a DME. Series 21, Number 440 Political and economic migration into the EU. Series 21, Number 429 Brazil: Census 2000 update. Series 22, Number 470 France: An economic and social survey. Series 22, Number 454 Population policies. Series 23, Number 483 The 2001 UK Census. Series 24, Number 507 Demographic change and population policy in China and India. Series 24, Number 521 Contrasting contemporary population issues 3 case studies. Series 25, Number 534 Current population distribution and density in the UK.

Geography Department AS Topic Summary: AS AQA Health Issues At the end of the unit, read through the list of key questions, issues and case study information and tick the appropriate box.

6 Geography Department AS Topic Summary: AS AQA Health Issues At the end of the unit, read through the list of key questions, issues and case study information and tick the appropriate box. This will highlight any areas that may need extra revision for the examination! Key Questions, Issues and Case Study Information Global patterns of health, morbidity and mortality: Understand key terms like attack rate, infant mortality, morbidity, mortality, crude death rate. An understanding of health in world affairs affects on welfare, planning, healthcare provision and the impact of climate change on infectious diseases. I do not know or understand. of. The study of one infectious disease: The global distribution of the disease. The impact on health of the population. The impact on economic development and lifestyle in that country. Case studies likely to be malaria, HIV/Aids. The study of one disease of affluence : The global distribution of the disease. The impact on health of the population. The impact on economic development and lifestyle in that country. Case studies likely to be coronary heart disease, cancer. Food and health: Causes and consequences of malnutrition, periodic famine, and obesity. Contrasting health care approaches in countries at different stages of development. Health matters in a globalising world economy: The role of transnational corporations in the pharmaceutical industry - research, production and distribution; Tobacco transnationals in LEDCs.

7 Key Questions, Issues and Case Study Information Regional variations in health and morbidity in the UK: Factors affecting regional variations in health and morbidity age structure, income and occupation type, education, environment and pollution. Age, gender, wealth and their influence on access to facilities for exercise, health care and good nutrition. A local case study on the implications of the above for the provision of health care systems The NHS. I do not understand. of. Further reading: As part of your AS/A2 studies, there is an expectation that you will undertake outside reading. Any essay that you submit should show evidence that you have read at least two resources outside of your reference textbooks. You should quote these both in the text and at the end of your essay. Any text taken from a book should be put in quotation marks and have the name(s) of the author, year published and page reference in brackets after the quote. For example: Ice is a powerful agent of erosion-transportation-deposition, capable of creating spectacular landforms. (Bishop and Prosser, 2001, pg. 130) The following list will help you target your reading around the subject: Reference texts: Barker, A., Redfern, D., and Skinner, M.. (2008) AQA AS Geography. Philip Allan Chapter 8. Other texts: Journals and other articles: Geography Review: Volume 19, Number 5, May 2006, page 21 The Geography of Health in Britain. Volume 19, Number 4, March 2006, page 28 The fight against Malaria. Volume 19, Number 3, January 2006, page 34 Mortality in the UK. Volume 18, Number 2, November 2004, page 30 Online Illness and Disease. Volume 18, Number 1, September 2004, page 9 Getting started: The changing geography of HIV/AIDS. Volume 16, Number 3, January 2003, page 36 HIV and human development in Southern Africa. GeoFile for AS/A2: Series 26, Number 553 Tropical diseases. Series 24, Number 512 AIDS in the 21 st Century. Series 23, Number 481 The Geography of New Diseases. Series 22, Number 471 ActionAidKenya: A case study of an NGO.

8 The concept of fragile environments why are they fragile? Local economies of indigenous people the Lapps and the Innuit Resource exploitation by newcomers: early activity such as sealing, whaling, mining, fur trapping. More recent exploitation and management: mining, HEP, fishing, farming tourism, military/strategic and geo-political considerations. Human activity in Alpine regions in Europe and the changing nature of this over time. The impact of the physical environment on human activities as well as the impact of human activities on the environment is to be considered. Two regional case studies are required such as the Canadian northland, Antarctica, Alaska, or the Alps. The potential for sustainable development. The future of Antarctica Contemporary issues of conservation, protection, development and sustainability in a wilderness area. o The future development or conservation of wilderness areas. o Sustainable development with specific reference to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Further reading: As part of your AS/A2 studies, there is an expectation that you will undertake outside reading. The following list will help you target your reading around the subject: Reference texts: Barker, Redfern and Skinner (2007) AQA AS Geography. Phillip Allen Waugh, D. (2002) Geography: An integrated approach 3 rd Edition. Nelson Thornes Chapters 4 & 5. Other texts: Bishop, V. and Prosser, R. (2001) Landform Systems 2 nd Edition. Collins Chapters 8 and 9. Knight, P. (2005) Glaciers and glacial landscapes. Changing Geography Series, The Geographical Association. Anderson, D. (2004) Glacial and Periglacial Environments. Access to Geography Series - Hodder and Stoughton. Nagle, G. (2000) Advanced Geography. Oxford Chapter 7 Flintoff, I. and Cohen, S. (1998) Managing wilderness regions. Heinemann Geography Section 5. Goudie, A. and Gardner, R. (1992) Discovering Landscape in England and Wales. Chapman and Hall Sites 2, 4, 5, 9, 18, 21, and 33. Addison, K. (2004) Classic landforms of Snowdonia. The Geographical Association. Boardman, J. (1996) Classic landforms of the Lake District. The Geographical Association. Collard, R. (1994) The Physical Geography of Landscape. Collins Chapters 8, 9 and 10 Journals and other articles: Geography Review: Volume 21, Number 3, Feb 2008, page 14 Alaska Sustainability in a cold environment. Volume 20, Number 5, May 2007, page 26 Analysing glacial deposits: fieldwork techniques. Volume 20, Number 4, March 2007, page 31 The Antarctic Treaty. Volume 20, Number 3, January 2007, page 12 Canada s black gold. Volume 20, Number 2, November 2006, page 14 The Channelled Scablands: tectonics, glaciers and flooding. Volume 20, Number 1, September 2006, page 34 Global Warming and the Antarctic ice sheets. Volume 18, Number 4, March 2005, page 40 Renewable Iceland. Volume 18, Number 1 September 2004, page 30 Why is Antarctica so cold? Volume 16, Number 5, May 2003, page 38 Landforms on Dartmoor. Volume 15, Number 4, March 2002, page 20 Climate change and glacier fluctuation in Iceland. GeoFile for AS/A2: Series 19, Number 382 The future of tourism in Alaska the South Denali case study. Series 22. Number 474 Human impact and hazards in glaciated Swiss Alpine environments. Series 22, Number 459 Glacial erosion in lowland areas. Series 23, Number 486 Glacial fieldwork and coursework. Series 24, Number 503 Changes in periglacial environments. Series 24, Number 517 The Athabasca glacier a glacier in the Canadian Rockies. Series 25, Number 533 Fluvioglacial Activity in Eastern Yorkshire. Series 25, Number 545 Corries, Aretes and Pyramidal Peaks. Series 26, Number 566 Periglaciation and the primary economy an uneasy alliance in Alaska. Series 27, Number 573 Glacial and Fluvio-glacial deposition, Iceland

Topic 2: Landscape Systems, Processes and Change

Topic 2: Landscape Systems, Processes and Change Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes and Change Overview Ice sheets and glaciers operate within a landscape system as glacial processes of erosion, transport