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2 Map Skills Grades 7, 8, 9 ARTIST Pat Biggs Map Skills Europe by R. Scott House and Patti M. House Explore the varied features of the European continent while reinforcing basic map reading skills. Sixteen student pages and accompanying blackline and full color maps coordinate to provide a relational study of the elevations, vegetation, climates, products, populations, and peoples of Europe. Student pages challenge students to combine maps and additional resources in order to answer questions and make judgments. Question topics follow the Five Themes of Geography as outlined by the National Geographic Society: finding absolute and relative locations on a map, relating physical and human characteristics to an area, understanding human relationships to the environment, tracing movement of peoples and goods throughout an area, and organizing countries and continents into regions for detailed study. DESIGN Meridian Integrated Media, Ltd. EDITOR Carole Garrett Copyright 1993 Milliken Publishing Company a Lorenz company P.O. Box 802 Dayton, OH All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce pages extends only to teacher-purchaser for individual classroom use, not to exceed in any event more than one copy per pupil in a course. The reproduction of any part for an entire school or school system or for commercial use is strictly prohibited.

3 Table of Contents Europe in the World... 1 Europe in the World... 1a,1b* Countries and Capitals... 2 Countries and Capitals... 2a,2b* Physical Features... 3 Physical Features... 3a,3b* Elevations... 4 Elevations... 4a,4b* Precipitation... 5 Precipitation... 5a,5b* Climates... 6 Climates... 6a,6b* Vegetation... 7 Vegetation... 7a,7b* Products... 8 Products... 8a,8b* Land Use... 9 Land Use... 9a,9b* Population Population... 10a,10b* Civilizations Civilizations... 11a,11b* Northern Europe Northern Europe... 12a,12b* Central Europe Central Europe... 13a,13b* Western Europe Western Europe... 14a,14b* Eastern Europe Eastern Europe... 15a,15b* Southern Europe Southern Europe... 16a,16b* * Full color transparencies are found at the back of the book. Each transparency should be used to introduce the corresponding unit. Teaching Guide This book has been designed to strengthen map reading and analyzing skills and to familiarize students with the features of different regions of Europe. Each section contains a student page and an accompanying map that is used to complete the student page. Each page builds upon previous pages and students should have access to all previously completed maps. Encourage students to use latitude and longitude markings when comparing features between maps. Students may use related resources to assist them in completing the student pages. Accept all reasonable answers that can be logically supported. Color transparencies, located at the back of the book, will assist you in your classroom presentation. Additionally, countries such as those which comprised the former Soviet Union were undergoing political and economic reformation, while others, like Yugoslavia, were showing the strains of political boundaries that included several nations. Use the geographic boundaries between nations that are presented here with caution; the swift nature of the changes that occurred may cause some information to be no longer current. Map 1: Europe in the World This Robinson projection map provides a continuous map with relatively little distortion of shapes and sizes. It is a compromise between rectangular projections such as the Mercator or Peters and more accurate interrupted projections. The student page offers directional activities and a world overview. 1. Note that Europe is one of the world s smaller continents and compare its size to other continents. Discuss the latitude that Europe covers and its effect on climate. 2. Use this map to discuss the European exploration of the world. Have students trace the routes of Columbus, Dias, Da Gama, the Vikings, and Magellan. 3. Use this map to plot trade routes. Keep in mind that Europe is fairly dependent on other parts of the world for its raw resources. Map 2: Countries and Capitals The student page can be used for latitude and longitude practice or the map can be labeled using a classroom atlas or textbook. Note: The maps and other information in this text are accurate as of early Use the information presented here with caution. The swift nature of political changes that can occur may cause current political situations to differ from those accurate at the time of publication. 1. Make a copy of the map and have students color the countries according to their form of government (republic, constitutional monarchy, and so on). 2. Color the map to indicate membership in various alliances and participation in trade agreements (EEC, NATO, and so on). 3. Make choropleth maps for a variety of statistics. A choropleth map uses a different color for a different range. For example, have students research the literacy rate for European countries and then color the countries according to established percentages. Map 3: Physical Features The student page provides a narrative description of the features of Europe. After reading the narrative, students Milliken Publishing Company i Map Skills Europe

4 should label the map with the features described. Or, the teacher may number the features on the map and have the students match these with the feature names. In order to provide maximum flexibility, the map has not been numbered. 1. Have students use an encyclopedia or atlas to draw the borders of the continental plates. 2. Have students use an atlas to find the latitudes and longitudes of several high peaks (Elbrus, Mont Blanc, and Mt. Olympus) and to locate them on the map. 3. Research early land exploration and trade routes and trace them on the map. 4. Have students label two different copies of the map, one with water features and one with physical features. 5. Have students draw boundaries of various empires, cultures, and civilizations. (Example: Roman Empire, Celtic Culture, Carolingian Empire). Map 4: Elevations This map is a companion map to the physical features map and students should understand the effect of topography on national borders, languages, religions, and so on. The student page provides practice in reading an elevation map and comparing it to the Countries and Capitals map on page 2. The map may also provide graphing and computational practice. Extension Activity: 1. Students can make three dimensional maps with clay or papier mâché. Students may also layer cardboard cut to correct dimensions for different elevations. For example, use one layer for every 100 meters (328 feet) or 500 feet (150 meters) of elevation. Map 5: Precipitation This map provides an opportunity to discuss the effects of landforms and ocean currents on continental precipitation. Example: The Caspian Depression is dry for several reasons rising air, distance from large bodies of water, and so on. The student page provides practice in locating geographic areas and countries and comparing maps. Extension Activity: 1. Use an almanac to find exact precipitation records for selected European cities. Construct bar or line graphs to compare cities in different areas. Map 6: Climates Familiarize students with the characteristics of different climate types. Remember that different classification systems are used by geographers. This is a simplified system. 1. Semi arid or steppe areas that receive relatively little rainfall and are subject to drought and possible desertification. 2. Desert areas that receive little if any rainfall and have hot days and cool to cold nights. 3. Mediterranean regions that have constantly mild temperatures and moderate precipitation. 4. Highland regions that vary greatly in rainfall but always have lower temperatures than the surrounding areas. 5. Humid subtropical areas that are wet with cool winters and warm summers. 6. Humid continental areas that are moderately wet with cold winters and cool to warm summers. 7. Subarctic areas that have cool summers and extremely cold winters. 8. Tundra areas that have rather cool to cold summers and extremely cold winters. 9. Marine West Coast climates that are rather wet with very moderate summers and winters. Map 7: Vegetation This map refers to naturally occurring vegetation types rather than cultivated vegetation. Correlate this map with the climate and precipitation maps to enable students to gain an appreciation of these relationships. The student page provides practice in these concepts as well as practice in locating rivers, landforms, and capitals. 1. Have students research the type of plants that exist in each of these vegetative zones. Discussions and reports should center around biogeographical questions such as, Why does this type of plant only grow here? 2. Students can research the animal life of Europe and relate this information to the vegetative and climate zones. Again, biogeographical questions can be asked: Why are these animals found here? What vegetation do they need? How might their environment be threatened? Map 8: Products Europe is a continent of great resources which have been used and misused for many centuries. The map shows both organic and mineral resources. The accompanying puzzle contains questions relating to countries and their products. 1. Students should research any unfamiliar products or resources. 2. Students can research Europe s reliance on the rest of the world in supplying raw materials and minerals. Students can trace the routes of raw materials from their source to manufacturing centers in Europe. 3. Students can search their homes to locate European products. Map 9: Land Use This map indicates the predominant land use activity over a very large area and is useful for comparison activities such as those on the student page. Students should be careful about drawing conclusions about land use. For example, there are few similarities in the type of farming practiced in Russia compared to the rest of Europe. It is interesting to compare this map with the Climate, Natural Vegetation, and Products maps and to study the relationships. 1. Have students use almanacs or encyclopedias to determine the percentages of arable land in each country. Use the Countries and Capitals map to create a choropleth map showing this. 2. Have students research conservation and farming practices that Europeans have employed to help wisely manage their land resources. Milliken Publishing Company ii Map Skills Europe

5 Map 10: Population Population density refers to the average number of people per square kilometer or mile. Parts of Europe are populated to the point (and beyond) of overpopulation. Areas that are not densely populated are probably low in arable land, are too far north, or are too high in elevation to support a large population. Teachers should discuss the reasons for population variance, keeping these factors in mind: climate, precipitation, physical features, and political borders. 1. Students may research different countries and write a paragraph explaining why that population pattern exists. 2. Consult an almanac to determine the present population of some large European cities. Label the map with cities that have grown to more than one million in population. 3. Consult an almanac. Compare population densities with literacy rates and levels of health care. Map 11: Civilizations This map depicts the areal extent of selected kingdoms, cultures, and empires and is intended to be an introduction to these civilizations and to build a sense of appreciation for how civilizations emerge in the same geographic area. Students will need to become familiar with the approximate times of these cultures in order to complete the student page. The student page has geographic activities for place name recognition and critical thought questions. The map includes information on these civilizations: 1. Selected Greek city states and colonies shows the extent of Greek trade and influence. 2. Roman Empire shows the empire at the time of its height under the rule of Trajan (100 A.D.). 3. Carolingian Empire shows the empire during the rule of Charlamagne at about 800 A.D. 4. Moorish Empire Shows the extent of the Moorish holdings in Spain and Portugal during the last few hundred years prior to 1000 A.D. 5. Byzantine Empire shows the extent of the late Roman Empire. 6. Vikings shows the holdings of the Vikings prior to 1000 A.D. as well as their raid and trade routes. 7. Outside Invasions large arrows indicate invasion and cultural influence routes from Asia and Africa prior to 1000 A.D. 1. Research the cultures and prepare reports on them. 2. Create timelines based on these cultures. 3. Research trade routes that connected these cultures with each other and with outside civilizations. 4. Plan imaginary trade routes between two or more contemporary cultures. Use the other maps to describe the areas traveled. 5. Investigate how warfare and empire building has changed political boundaries and has influenced cultures. Note how certain civilizations reemerge despite periods of subjugation. Maps 12 16: Regional Maps These maps provide opportunities for a more detailed study or a regional study of Europe. The student pages provide labeling activities for improving mental mapping, latitude and longitude practice, direction and scale practice, and practice in comparative geography. The maps are flexible and may be adapted to correlate with varied teacher led activities. 1. Color the maps to make the country borders more obvious and to make the map more aesthetically pleasing. 2. Label the maps with climates, elevations, or precipitations. 3. Use these maps to plot past military campaigns. Answer Key Page 1: 1 5 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency for answers. 6. north 7. Asia 8. west, Atlantic 9. South America, Atlantic 10. Northern 11. Eastern 12. southwest 13. north, Arctic 14. south 15. Atlantic, Arctic Page 2: Southern Europe Eastern Europe Central Europe Western Europe Northern Europe Page 3: Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency for answers. Page 4: m 2. Sea Level to 200 m m 4. Sea Level to 200 m m m 7. Sea Level to 200 m m m m (also accept m) 11. Sea Level to 200 m 12. Sea Level to 200 m m (also accept m) 14. Sea Level to 200 m 15. Caspian, Volga 16. Netherlands 17. Sea Level to 200 m (also accept m) 18. Sea Level to 200 m 19. Caucasus Mountains 20. Carpathian, Alps, Balkan 21. mountainous land poorly suited to agriculture, many natural harbors, access to the sea BONUS: Jotunheimen Page 5: in in in in in. or more than 60 in. 6. more than 60 in in. or in in in in Milliken Publishing Company iii Map Skills Europe

6 in. 12. less than 10 in. 13. less than 10 in in. 15. gulf stream 16. Norwegian 17. warm, warm, southeast Spanish current has dried out after contact with Italy, France, and Spain 18. mainly because of prevailing wind currents but also because of land contact 19. great distance from major bodies of water 20. Alps Page 6: 1. marine west coast; in.; France, Belgium, Netherlands 2. humid continental; in.; (choose three) Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia 3. temperature; distance from the warm ocean currents of the Atlantic Ocean 4. mediterranean; Mediterranean Sea 5. they are colder and drier due to high elevation 6. steppe; light; Spain 7. marine west coast 8. mediterranean 9. humid continental 10. subarctic 11. mediterranean or steppe 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. d Page 7: 1. coniferous forest; deciduous forest; deciduous forest 2. tundra in. 4. subarctic, humid continental 5. steppe 6. coniferous forest, mixed forest, deciduous forest 7. (choose two) mediterranean, mixed forest, deciduous forest 8. Alps, Caucasus 9. marine west coast 10. Arctic 11. mixed forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest; the farther north, the shorter the growing season, also the farther from the warm ocean currents the more likely there are to be coniferous forests 12. (choose two) Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Spain, Romania 13. mixed forests 14. e 15. a 16. d 17. b 18. c Page 8: Across: 2. Romania 3. Germany 4. SunflowerSeeds 9. Potatoes 10. SovietUnion 13. Austria 14. Yugoslavia 15. Sweden Down: 1. CitrusFruit 5. Netherlands 6. Grapes 7. Petroleum 8. Copenhagen 11. Olives 12. Coal Page 9: 1. mostly cropland; potatoes 2. southern part 3. tungsten 4. mostly cropland or grazing land 5. humid continental 6. the large amount of grazing land 7. Po River Basin; Alps 8. mostly cropland 9. mostly cropland, forest land, grazing land 10. iron, copper, zinc 11. grazing land 12. tin 13. mountainous, dry climate, many years of intensive agriculture eroding land 14. There is not enough farmland available to feed the population of Europe. 15. c 16. a 17. d 18. b Page 10: (per sq. km) 1. a b or more than 100 c. less than 10 or 1-10 d. more than 100 e f (choose 2) high intensity agriculture, many cities with much industrialization, favorable climate and natural resources 3. cold climate and lack of land for farming 4. suitable climate and available land for farming 5. the steppe climate, little precipitation, and lack of suitable land for farming Across: 7. Rome 8. Copehnagen 9. Budapest 10. Lisbon 12. Stockholm 14. Paris Down: 1. Brussels 2. Vienna 3. Athens 4. Berlin 5. Prague 6. Bucharest 11. Moscow 13. Madrid Page 11: 1. 2, 3, , 1, 3 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. Roman, Moorish, Greek City States 9. Carolingian, Roman, Viking, Greek City States 10. Viking 11. Greek city states, Roman, Byzantine, Outside Invasion 12. Roman, Viking 13. Spain, Portugal 14. (chose two) Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Ukraine, Moldova Romania, Hungary 15. Norway, Viking (Norman) 16. Greece, Greek city states 17. Romania, Roman 18. (choose six) Russia, Belarus, Estonia, Ireland, England, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Germany, Iceland 19. mountains, availability of harbors, access to sea 20. Byzantine; it became wealthy Page 12: 1 3 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency. 4. Norway, Norway, Sweden, Sweden, Sweden, Sweden, Denmark, Finland 5. Answers will vary. 6. west, 481 mi., Baltic, Sweden 7. southeast, Norwegian, North, Skagerrak, Kattegat, Copenhagen, Baltic, Finland 8. Gulf, Bothnia Page 13: 1 3 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency. 4. Germany, Germany, Switzerland, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria 5. Answers will vary. 6. east, 310 mi., Oder, Germany, Poland 7. Rhine, North, Kiel, Baltic 8. northwest, 310 mi. Page 14: 1 3 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency. 4. Ireland, Scotland, England, England, France, France, France, France, Belgium, Belgium, Netherlands 5. Answers will vary. 6. east, 195 mi., English 7. northwest, 397 mi., North 8. Rhine, 53 mi., north Page 15: 1 3 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency. 4. Russia, Russia, Russia, Ukraine, Ukraine, Ukraine, Turkey 5. Answers will vary. 6. southwest, 233 mi., Danube, Balkan 7. Bosporus, Black, Dnepr 8. south, Caspian Page 16: 1 3 Consult an atlas or Milliken transparency. 4. Greece, Croatia, Italy, Italy, Spain, Spain, Portugal, England 5. Answers will vary. 6. Atlantic, Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Crete, Aegean 7. west, 372 mi., Adriatic, Apennine 8. west, 313 mi. Milliken Publishing Company iv Map Skills Europe