Patterns and Root Causes of Land Cover/Use Change in Uganda: An Account of the Past 100 Years. Part 2: Appendices

Transcription

1 Patterns and Root Causes of Land Cover/Use Change in Uganda: An Account of the Past 100 Years Part 2: Appendices The Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics Project Working Paper umber: 14 By Samuel Mugisha Makerere University Institute of Environment and atural Resources P. O Box 7298 Kampala, Uganda sammugisha@yahoo.com; muienr@muienr.mak.ac.ug July 2002 Copyright 2002 by the: Makerere University Institute of Environment and atural Resources, International Livestock Research Institute, and United ations Environment Programme/Division of Global Environment Facility Coordination. All rights reserved. Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box airobi, Kenya lucid@cgiar.org Tel Fax /

2 Appendix 1 (a). Sango Bay Land Cover/Use (1955) Lake Victoria Kilometers Tanzania Tropical forest (264.5; 202) Woodland (2.3; 7) Thickets (1.3; 2) Scrub/grassland (406.7; 26) Scrub/seasonal swamp (26.6; 4) Scrub/woodland (167.3; 14) woodland/seasonal swamp (16.1; 7) seasonal swamp (71.6; 87) Papyrus (230.1; 65) Tall grass (44.1,46) Cultivation (small scale) (1143.6; 32) Cultivation (large scale) (0.4; 1) Water (9.3; 4) Short grass/bare land (65.5; 45) B: Values in brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. Town LUCID Working Paper 14 24

3 Appendix 1 (b). Sango Bay Land Cover/Use (1984) Lake Victoria Tanzania Kilometers Tropical high Forest (268.3; 217) Woodland (2.3; 7) Thickets (1.3; 2) Scrub/grassland (26.6; 2) Scrub/seasonal swamp (405.0; 31) Scrub/woodland (193.0; 22) Woodland/Seasonal swamp (20.1; 11) Seasonal swamp (72.4; 90) Papyrus (230.1, 65) Tall grass (44.4; 44) Cultivation (small scale) (1110.4; 31) Cultivation (large scale) (0.4; 1) Open water (10.0; 4) Short grass/bareground (64.4; 49) Major road B:Values in brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 25

4 Appendix 1 (c). Sango Bay Land Cover/Use (2000) Lake Victoria Kilometers Tanzania Forest (263.0; 192) Woodland (2.2; 6) Thickets (1.3; 2) Scrub/grass (26.6; 4) Scrub/seasonal swamp (405.5; 6) Scrub/woodland (165.6; 17) Woodland/seasonal swamp (16.1; 7) Seasonal swamp (70.9; 87) Papyrus (230.0; 64) Tall grass (35.9; 45) Short grass/bare soils (63.8; 48) Cultivation (small scale) (1158.7; 31) Cultivation (large scale) (0.4; 1) Open water (9.3; 4) B:Values in brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 26

5 Appendix 2 (a). Lake Mburo ational Park Land Cover/Use (1955) $T $T Tanzania Kilometers Land Cover/Use Lengend Tropical high forest (16.3 ; 47) Woodland (2.3; 7) Scrub/grassland (7.7; 14) Scrub/seasonal swamp (135.8; 136) Scrub/woodland (2246.8; 21) Woodland/seasonal swamp (90.5; 41) Seasonal swamp (48.5; 90) Papyrus (178.0; 102) Cultivation (small scale) (1429.1; 27) Open water (145.6; 36) Lmnp boundary Town B: values in the brackets repesent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/luse patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 27

6 Appendix 2 (b). Lake Mburo ational Park Land Cover/Use (1984) $T $T Kilometers Tanzania Land cover/use legend Tropical high forest (16.3; 47) Woodland (2.3; 7) Scrub/grass land (7.7; 14) Scrub/seasonal swamp (134.7; 136) Scrub/woodland (1665.1; 22) woodland/seasonal swamp (90.5; 45) Saesonal swamp (49.5; 92) Papyrus (178.0; 102) Cultivation (small scale) (2010.7; 26) Open water (145.6; 36) LMP boundary Town B: Values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 28

7 Appendix 2 (c). Lake Mburo ational Park Land Cover/Use (2000) Kilometers Tanzania Tropical high forest (15.6; 46) Woodland (2.2; 6) Scrub/grassland (7.7; 14) Scrub/seasonal swamp (129.2; 133) Scrub/woodland (1544.7; 21) Woodland/seasonal swamp (86.9; 37) Seasonal swamp (47.2; 87) Papyrus (174.0; 102) Cultivation (small scale) (2143.9; 24) Open water (149.0; 36) Lmnp boundary Town B: values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 29

8 Appendix 3 (a). Kabale/tungamo Border Land Cover/Use (1955) LEGED Tropical High forest (3.8; 12) Seasonal swamp (40.4; 12) Papyrus (35.2; 25) Short grass/bare ground (238.4; 26) Cultivation (small scale) (1430.9; 9) Open water (3.4; 1) Eucalyptus plantation (22.1; 1) $Z Town. B: values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of patches LUCID Working Paper 14 30

9 Appendix 3 (a). Kabale/tungamo Border Land Cover/Use (2001) Rwanda Tropical high Forest (3.4; 14) Seasonal wetland (43.8; 27) Papyrus (36.5; 19) Short grass/bare ground (336.3; 34) Cultivation (small scale) (1436.2; 13) Open water (3.4; 1) Town B:values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 31

10 Appendix 4 (a). Kibale national Park and Surrounding Areas Land Cover/Use (1955) Kilometers Tropical high forest (600.3; 292) Woodland (1.4; 4) Thickets (43.5; 93) Scrub/grassland (101.0; 97) Scrub/seasonal swamp (0.8; 1) Scrub/woodland ( ; 67) Seasonal swamp (36.4; 50) Papyrus (169.7; 134) Tall grass (6.5; 1) Short grass/bare ground (62.2; 54) Cultivation (small scale) (953.3; 186) Cultivation (large scale) (18.9; 22) Open water (4.4; 20) Sand/bare soil (4.6; 8) KP boundary Town B:values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 32

11 Appendix 4 (b). Kibale ational Park and Surrounding Areas Land Cover/Use (2000) Tropical rain forest (542.1; 201) Woodland (0.3; 3) Thickets (31.5; 53) Srub/grassland (104.0; 94) Srub/seasonal swamp (0.1; 1) Scrub/woodland (159.2; 36) Seasonal swamp (48.1; 47) Papyrus (118.3; 116) Sand/bare grass (4.2; 7) Short grass/bare grass (56.8; 56) Cultivation (small scale) (2255.4; 45) Cultivation (Large scale) (17.6; 24) Open water (5.6; 23) KP boundary Town B:Values in the brackets represent area in square kilometers and number of land cover/use Patches. LUCID Working Paper 14 33

12 Appendix 2. Local knowledge: sample results obtained during focus group discussions in areas adjacent to Lake Mburo ational Park. Question 1: What is Environment? Answers by local communities: The area we live in and the surroundings e.g. forests, wild animals, lakes/rivers, grass, hills, land, grazing lands, roads, wetlands, cultivated lands, domestic animals, schools, people. Question2: What are indicators of environmental change in your area? Answers by the local communities: Development e.g. roads, schools, health centers, permanent houses Establishment of Lake Mburo ational Park from a Game reserve in 1984 Increased food production for consumption and sale Increased population Increased afforestaion for timber production, etc Land shortage Increased pests and diseases e.g. banana weevils, bean weevils, cassava mosaics Loss of soil fertility Soil erosion as a result of over grazing Transmission of cattle diseases as a result of migrations Drought due to overgrazing Change of livelihoods e.g. from pastoralists to cultivators Scarcity of water for human and animal consumption Clearance of forests/medicinal plants Crop raids by wild animals Construction of boreholes Question 3: what are the causes of environmental change? Answers by local communities: Increased population due to immigration, high fertility rates because of polygamy, lack of family planning, early marriages, pride in big families, lack of sensitisation for family planning, school dropouts rates are high, preferences for sons forces people produce more, improved nutrition Land shortage due to: land fragmentation, increased family sizes and inheritance of land, establishment of a national park, individual as opposed to communal land ownership, nature of the land the hills are un productive. Loss of soil fertility due to over-cultivation, appearance of alien weed species, monocropping, decreasing yields leading to low yields Soil erosion due to heavy rains, bush/grass burning, reduced mulching, lack of agricultural extension expertise to the farmers Lack of use of fertilizers and the traditional methods /animal dung due to lack of knowledge of proper use since animal dung harbours crop pests like weevils Transmission of cattle diseases due to: consumption of dirty water/stagnant water Scarcity of grass Transmission of diseases from wild animals to domestic animals, due to sharing of water sources, lack of veterinary services Disappearance of nutritious grass for livestock Drought due to clearance of forests by the people LUCID Working Paper 14 34

13 It s a savannah area so its naturally dry contains acacia plant species which naturally don t attract rain Lack of knowledge for environmental rehabilitation e.g. tree planting Infestation of tree seedlings by termites Low water table, so rainfall formation is minimal The area is in the rain shadow, so rainfall does not reach it Change of livelihoods due to search of additional income/profits Search of alternative incomes Charcoal burning by local residents and others from outside who pay for the trees. Question 4: What are the coping mechanisms due environmental change in this area? Answer: eighbours encroach on each others land People encroach on the national park because the Government does not respond to peoples needs Environmental change is beyond the community s power since there is no feedback from researchers, local councils, members of parliament and ministers LUCID Working Paper 14 35