IMAGING TECHNIQUE SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS IN NANOTOXICOLOGY. Dr Jean-Nicolas Audinot

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1 IMAGING TECHNIQUE SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS IN NANOTOXICOLOGY Dr Jean-Nicolas Audinot

2 OUTLINE Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SIMS technique SIMS, principle NanoSIMS instrument Sample preparation for SIMS analysis Applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios Correlative microscopy Conclusions 2

3 SURFACE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES e - e - h X-Ray h X-Ray Ip AB + A + E + TEM/EDS e - e - e - XRD A B C D E SIMS e- SEM e - (auger) h X-Ray e - (Photoelectron) Ip ABCDE + AB + E + A B C D E ESCA/XPS L- MS AES Detection particles after excitation/interaction by different primary source 3

4 Detection limit SURFACE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 100 % 10 % TEM EELS/EDS AES XPS XRD 1 % 0.1 % 100 ppm FTIR XRF 10 ppm 1 ppm 100 ppb 10 ppb 1 ppb SIMS LA-ICP-MS 100 ppt Nano Micro Bulk Lateral resolution 4

5 SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometer Mass spectrum Primary ion beam Isotopic measurement Extraction lens Depth profiling ~nm Imaging Sample 5

6 SIMS Imaging mode PI-gun energy filter magnet Overlay Continuos primary ion beam Sample Continuos secondary ion extraction, high field SIO secondary ion optics S C CN 80 x 80 µm 2 10 min 6

7 A BIT OF HISTORY Sample Cs + source (1964) 25 mm O - source (1998) 50 nm Sample B Cs + source Magnetic sector mass filter Mono detection Cameca SMI 300, 1968 Cameca NanoSIMS50,

8 A BIT OF HISTORY The beam size of the microprobe Years IMS 3f Ion Microprobe 2 3 µm 70 IMS 4f 500 nm 80 Tof-SIMS 400 nm 2000 IMS 6f 250 nm 90 NanoSIMS50 50 nm

9 NANOSIMS50 Ionic microprobe ( schematic.html) Primary ions sources (Cs + or O - ) Analysis by scanning of a fine probe (50nm with Cs + ) Co-axial optic Parallel ions counting and reconstruction of the elemental distribution (and isotopic) Sample 32 S - 12 C 14 N - 12 C 15 N - 12 C - 13 C - Parallel detection Mass spectrometer 9

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11 NANOSIMS 50 Multi collection, mass resolution power Mass spectrometer with magnetic prism Parallel detection Cs + Primary source O CN P S Cl Primary beam focused O - Sample Ca Fe 11

12 SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS for SIMS analysis samples are analyzed at room temperature under vacuum (10-10 atm) must be fixed and dehydrated (as for TEM analysis) samples must be flat 12

13 SAMPLE PREPARATION General schematic Fixation Dehydration Embedding Terminating biochemical reaction, preventing putrefaction and autolysis. To preserve both structural and chemical integrity. Chemical fixation Cryo fixation Ultramicrotomy Staining (TEM) Analyse 13

14 OUTLINE Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SIMS technique SIMS, principle NanoSIMS instrument Sample preparation for SIMS analysis Applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios Correlative microscopy Conclusions 14

15 ANALYSE NanoSIMS, applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology 15

16 ANALYSE Nps Ag Grammarus CN Ag 10 µm S CN + Ag 100 µm Exposed to silver Nps 500 µm Chemical fixation Sectioning SIMS analyse 16

17 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) Cells exposed to Nps TiO 2 B&W or Green, CN (protein, amino acid,..) Red, Ti Nps Submitted in PLOS 17

18 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) Optical image CN - SP SP P - Alzheimer s disease SP n n n S - SP SP Fe P - +Fe + SP n n 10µm neuron Senil plaque In the vicinity of the SP, a S-rich and Fe-rich region is visualized 18 Quintana et al, J. Struc. Biol. (2006) 153 : 42 54

19 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) CN - Optical image P - n S - Fe + P - +Fe + Iron is present in nucleus and cytoplasm of glial cells 19 Quintana et al, J. Struc. Biol. (2006) 153 : 42 54

20 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) TEM +SIMS Cells exposed to Nps copper Copper localization in Cell Toxicology Science Particles accumulated Cu Particles diluted Red, Ti Nps Green, CN (protein, amino acid,..) Nanoscale

21 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) Ag 23 nm Nanotoxicology 2013 Cells exposed to Nps copper The silver NPs (0,1 mg/l) was passed the gut epithelial barrier Ag 27 nm Ag 200 nm Accumulation of TiO 2 (50mg/L) and SiO 2 (250 mg/l) only on the external part of the gut SiO 2 25 nm TiO 2 21 nm 21

22 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) APPLICATIONS Toxicology SE, Secondary electrons 12 C 14 N 31 P Bacteria exposed to Ti Nps (E171) Ti Titane + CN 22

23 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Elemental analysis (trace element) 3D Representation Plan 1 Plan 24 Plan 10 23

24 OUTLINE Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SIMS technique SIMS, principle NanoSIMS instrument Sample preparation for SIMS analysis Applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios Correlative microscopy Conclusions 24

25 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element 25

26 PHARMACOLOGY, VECTORIZATION Molecules labelling with exogeneous element CN P BrdU 26

27 PHARMACOLOGY, VECTORIZATION Diagnostic and drug targeting I N-2-Diethylaminoethyl-4-iodobenzamide 12 C 14 N 127 I Melanosomes release 0.5 µm 31 P Malignant melanocyte General Structure of BZA Rapp M, et al J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 2008, 326(1):

28 PHARMACOLOGY, VECTORIZATION Study of molecules effects on a cancerous cell 12 C 14 N 10x10 mm 2 P. Galle and al., INSERM, France 19 F 81 Br 127 I Br-dU (bromodeoxyuridine) I-dU (iododeoxyuridine) 5-F-U (5-fluorouracile) 28

29 PHARMACOLOGY, VECTORIZATION Mapping the exposure of Br containing pesticide to Daphnia deltamethrin, a bromine containing pesticide Col. CRPGL/EVA A. Gutleb L. Hoffmann Gut from Daphnia magna (control) after 48 h Gut from Daphnia magna (exposed to 0.1 µm deltamethrin for 48h) Gut from Daphnia magna (exposed to 0.4 µm deltamethrin for 48 h) Picture legend: D: Desmodesmus subspicatus, GW: gut wall, L: lumen with food particles, MV: microvilli layer, P: peritrophic membrane, T: tissue remains. 29

30 OUTLINE Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SIMS technique SIMS, principle NanoSIMS instrument Sample preparation for SIMS analysis Applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios Correlative microscopy Conclusions 30

31 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios 31

32 METABOLIC STUDY Radiotoxicology / Nuclear medecine: Imaging 127 I/ 129 I 12 C 14 N 31 P Raster 50x50 µm I 129 I 127 I- 129 I- 31 P 32

33 METABOLIC STUDY Analysis of isotopic ratios Activated sludge based wastewater treatment An ubiquitous biotechnological process treating 10 5 m 3 /day of wastewater. The bacterial community composition and diversity affects the performance of wastewater treatment. However, microbes still thrive and facilitate remediation suggesting specialized lifestyles Aerobic Anaerobic Degradation of organic compounds, sugars, fat, 33

34 METABOLIC STUDY Applications : Wastewater treatment Analysis of isotopic ratios For each individual bacteria, the ratio 13 C/ 12 C and 15 N/ 14 N is calculated 34

35 OUTLINE Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SIMS technique SIMS, principle NanoSIMS instrument Sample preparation for SIMS analysis Applications in biology Elemental analysis (trace element) Physiopathology studies Toxicology Pharmacology, vectorization Molecules labelling with exogeneous element Metabolic study Analysis of isotopic ratios Correlative microscopy Conclusions 35

36 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Correlative microscopy e - e - h hv Ip AB + A + E + TEM Fluorescence A B C D E D - SIMS e - e - e - e- SEM e - (auger) h X-Ray AFM e - (Photoelectron) Ip ABCDE + AB + E + A B C D E ESCA/XPS S - SIMS 36

37 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY TEM/SIMS Modification of the sample holder Co localization of the same area 37

38 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY SEM/SIMS 16 O 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si + 38

39 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY SIMS / genotype How to identify a physiologically distinct bacteria? The microbial populations in the environment are heterogeneous, comprising physiologically distinct individuals CARD-FISH approach (fluorescence) Labelling with a probe (HRP-labelled oligonucleotide probes ) 39

40 CARD-FISH CARD-FISH How to identify a physiologically distinct bacteria Optical microscope Fluorescence 40

41 HRP-LABELLED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES HRP-labelled oligonucleotide probes Utilization of labelled probe identification by SIMS 32 S - Identity (Revealed by a tracker, introduced in the FISH probe) E.g. : Eub338-I-iodinated 127 I - 41

42 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY CARD-FISH / SIMS CARD-FISH/SIMS Optical image 12 C 13 C FISH 32 S 13 C/ 12 C 42

43 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY FISH-SIMS 32 S - Identity (Revealed by a tracker, introduced in the FISH probe) Function (Incorporation of stable isotop) * Quantitative measurement of the enrichment Mix of E.Coli enriched with 15 N With natural abundance (0,362%) - 10% - 70% - 100% + E.Coli with 15 N at 40% and Eub338-I-iodinated 127 I - 100% 32 S - 12 C 14 N - 12 C 15 N - Abundance (15N) 0% 43

44 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY 3D image AFM/SIMS 18 O/ 16 O 2 bacteria Porous PC filter substrate AFM image allows «to increase» the lateral resolution 44

45 CONCLUSIONS NanoSIMS technique is a surface analysis technique with : (+) points high lateral resolution high mass resolution high transmission for elemental mapping, trace element tracking a molecule for isotopic analysis, metabolism (-) points destructive method sensitivity differs from one element to an other delicate quantification (heterogeneous sample) matrix effect inexistent standards need of sample preparation (fixation, dehydration) analysis under high vacuum difficult access to the instrument 45

46 Detection limit SURFACE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES And the next? And the next? 100 % 10 % TEM EELS/EDS AES XPS XRD 1 % 0.1 % 100 ppm FTIR XRF 10 ppm 1 ppm 100 ppb 10 ppb 1 ppb SIMS LA-ICP-MS 100 ppt Nano Micro Bulk Lateral resolution 46

47 NEW NANO-SIMS HE-Microscope with MS add on SEM HIM 47

48 THANK YOU Acknowledgements A. Georgantzopoulou A. C. Gutleb T. Serchi S. Cambier E. Lentzen P. Grysan J.-P. Piret O. Tousssaint V. Lopes S. Cristobal Questions? 48

49 Atomic fraction Sensitivity of the technique Spatial resolution and detection limit Majority Low sensitivity Minority (even trace) High sensitivity Basic analyzing volume

50 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 D-SIMS 1 Tof-SIMS D-SIMS GROUP Dr. Nathalie VALLE B. EL ADIB P. GRYSAN E. LENTZEN audinot@lippmann,lu

51 CRYO FIXATION Fast freezing Vitrification : Def.: Cooling the specimen so rapidly that water molecules are practically immobilized before an ice crystal starts to form. High cooling speed is needed (10 5 C/s) Slam-Freezing: Structural preservation of µm thick region of cell pellet or tissue. Cells suspensions Small biopsies (10µm 2 ) animals or plants Edelmann & Ruf, Scanning Microsc. Supplement, 10, Metallic plate Foam Polystyrene Adhesive Sample Copper LN2 53

52 Applications : carbon assimilation CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY FISH-SIMS 54

53 Applications : carbon assimilation CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY FISH-SIMS Ammonium and inorganic carbon assimilation by green and purple sulfur bacteria in Lake Cadgno. C. okenii, the least abundant species representing about 0.3% of the total cell number contributes more than 50% of the total ammonium and carbon uptake in the system. Musat N et al. PNAS 2008;105:

54 CORRELATIVE MICROSCOPY FISH-Probe-SIMS CARD-FISH + F-probes+SIMS ( 13 C + 15 N) (A) Fluorescence image of the microbial consortium after FISH with F-labeleld probe (B) Secondary-Electron image (ion bombardement) (C) Localization of fluorine (labelled probe) (D) Distribution of 15 N-nitrogen enrichment (E) Distribution of 13 C-carbon enrichment. 56