Lesson Plan Syllabus of UPY15E02 Low Temperature Physics
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1 Lesson Plan Syllabus of UPY15E02 Physics UNIT I - PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURE Introduction - Joule Thomson effect - Regenerative cooling - Vacuum pumps - liquefaction of air - Hydrogen - Helium - Maintenance of low temperature -production of temperature below 1 K - Adiabatic demagnetization - Evaporative cooling of He-3 - Dilution refrigeration - Laser cooling - Nuclear demagnetization. UNIT II MEASUREMENT OF LOW TEMPERATURE The gas thermometer and it corrections - Secondary thermometers- resistance thermometers, thermocouples- vapour pressure thermometers- magnetic thermometers. UNIT III - LIQUID AND SOLID CRYOGENS Liquid Nitrogen - Liquid oxygen - Liquid hydrogen - Liquid He -4 and He -3 - Solid He 4 and He -3 - Lamda point - Superfluidity - Density - Compressibility factor - viscosity and thermal properties - Velocity of sound in liquid helium. UNIT IV - ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Experimental observations - Theories of sommerfield and block - Superconductivity - magnetic properties of superconductors - Thermal properties of superconductors - penetration depth and high frequency resistance - Ferromagnetism - Diamagnetism - paramagnetism - Paramagnetic saturation. UNIT V SPECIFIC HEATS, SPECTROSCOPIC AND HYPERFINE PROPERTIES Specific heats - Rotational specific heat of Hydrogen - Einstein s and Debye s theories - Schottky effect - Anomalies in specific heats at low temperature - Infrared- visible spectra - Zeeman spectra at low temperature - Dielectric constant and its measurement - Magnetic susceptibility - NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance at low temperature - Nuclear magnetic properties - Mossbauer effect and other hyperfine properties at low temperature. TEXT BOOKS 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, REFERENCES 1. Jack Ekin, Experimental Techniques for - Measurements, OUP Oxford, Charles P. Poole Jr., Horacio A. Farach, Richard J. Creswick and RuslanProzorov,SuperconductivityElsevier Ltd, John Wilks, Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium, Oxford University Press, Jackson L.C., Methuen and Company, Ching Wu Chu and J.Woollam, High Pressure and Plenum Press, 1978.
2 Detailed Session Plan UNIT I - PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURE Introduction - Joule Thomson effect - Regenerative cooling - Vacuum pumps - liquefaction of air - Hydrogen - Helium - Maintenance of low temperature -production of temperature below 1 K - Adiabatic demagnetization - Evaporative cooling of He-3 - Dilution refrigeration - Laser cooling - Nuclear demagnetization. Sessio n 1,2 Terms/Explanations: Introduction: What is low temperature, different units of temperatue Joule Thomson effect, free expansion of gases 3,4 Terms/Explanations: Regenerative cooling Methods to cool the gas Vacuum pumps Different types of pumps. Ex: Rotary pump, oil diffusion pump 5,6 Terms/Explanations: liquefaction of air Hydrogen Experimental procedure to produce liquid N2.7,8 Terms/Explanations: - Liquification of Helium Expeimental methods produce Liquid He 3 and He 4 Maintenance of low temperature Different ways to achieve 9,10 Explanations: production of temperature below 1 K How to produce mk? Adiabatic demagnetization Kind of magnetic materials Evaporative cooling of He 3 11,12 Explanations: Dilution refrigeration - Laser cooling 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, To acquire basic understanding of low temperature and various methods to produce low temperature. Program Outcomes An ability to understand the basics temperature physics.students will learn different experimental methods to produce low temperature and their applications
3 Nuclear demagnetization UNIT II MEASUREMENT OF LOW TEMPERATURE The gas thermometer and it corrections - Secondary thermometers- resistance thermometers, thermocouples- vapour pressure thermometers- magnetic thermometers. Sessio n 1,2 Terms/explanations: Types of thermometers and their functionality 3,4 Explanation: Gas thermometer and it corrections: How gas thermometers work and how to calibrate them 5,6 Explanation: Primary and secondary thermometers Their desing, working range and functionality 7,8 CYCLE TEST-I (To test the outcome of the Student ) Portion: Unit I 9,10 Explanations: resistance thermometers, thermocouples How the resistant based thermometer work and what temperature range they can be applied. 11,12 vapour pressure thermometersmagnetic thermometers Principles and working range 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, To learn how to measure the temperature using various methods Program Outcomes An ability to know and understand different type of thermometers, their working range and their functionality
4 UNIT III - LIQUID AND SOLID CRYOGENS Liquid Nitrogen - Liquid oxygen - Liquid hydrogen - Liquid He -4 and He -3 - Solid He 4 and He -3 - Lamda point - Superfluidity - Density - Compressibility factor - viscosity and thermal properties - Velocity of sound in liquid helium. Session 1,2 Terms/Explanation: Liquid Nitrogen - Liquid oxygen different ways of Production and their applications 3,4 Explanations : Liquid hydrogen - Liquid He -4 - different ways of Production and their applications 5,6 Terms/Explanations: Liquid He -3 - Solid He 4 and He -3 - different ways of Production and their applications 7,8 Explanations : Lamda point - Superfluidity - Density 9,10 Explanations : 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, To acquire basic understanding of Liquid and solid cryogens working principle and their functionality. Program Outcomes An ability to understand concepts, working methods, and applications of liquid and solid cryogens. Compressibility factor - viscosity and thermal properties - Velocity of sound in liquid helium 11,12 CYCLE TEST-I I (To test the outcome of the Student ) Portion: Unit II UNIT IV - ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
5 Experimental observations - Theories of sommerfield and block - Superconductivity - magnetic properties of superconductors - Thermal properties of superconductors - penetration depth and high frequency resistance - Ferromagnetism - Diamagnetism - paramagnetism - Paramagnetic saturation. Session 1,2 Terms/Explanations: Experimental observations - Theories of sommerfield and block how the electronic configuration influence the electrical properties of matter 3,4 Detailed Explanations : Superconductivity - magnetic properties of superconductors Basics and their applications 5,6 Explanations : Thermal properties of superconductors Different theories and the properties. 7,8 Explanation: penetration depth and high frequency resistance theory and explanation 9,10 Explanations: Ferromagnetism Diamagnetism Basic concepts and models explaining them 11,12 Explanations: paramagnetism - Paramagnetic saturation. Concepts and theories 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, Get familiarized with theconcepts and theories of magnetic and electrical materials. Program Outcomes (a) An ability to understand the concepts and theories of electrical properties of solid materials. (b) Ability to understand the concepts and theories of magnetic solid materials UNIT V SPECIFIC HEATS, SPECTROSCOPIC AND HYPERFINE PROPERTIES Specific heats - Rotational specific heat of Hydrogen - Einstein s and Debye s theories -Schottky effect - Anomalies in specific heats at low temperature - Infrared- visible spectra - Zeeman spectra at low temperature - Dielectric constant and its measurement - Magnetic susceptibility - NMR and electron
6 paramagnetic resonance at low temperature - Nuclear magnetic properties - Mossbauer effect and other hyperfine properties at low temperature. Session 1,2 Explanations: Specific heats - Rotational specific heat of Hydrogen Basics about different contribution to specific heat of a solid 3,4 Explanations: Einstein s and Debye s theories basics and derivation of Cv employing both models 5,6 Schottky effect - Anomalies in specific heats at low temperature Electric properties of solids and their influence to heat capactiy 7,8 Infrared- visible spectra - Zeeman spectra at low temperaturedielectric constant and its measurement - Magnetic susceptibility - NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance at low temperature basics and band diagrams 9,10 Nuclear magnetic properties - Mossbauer effect and other hyperfine properties at low temperature basics and band structure. 11,12 MODEL EXAM (To test the outcome of the Student ) 1. Cornelis Jacobus Gorter, D. F. Brewer, Progress in Elsevier Ltd, 2. Christian E. and Siegfried H, Springer, To educate the students in the basic thermal properties of solids and their spectroscopic properties Program Outcomes (a) An ability to learn the basics concepts of thermal properties of solids. (b) Ability to learn the basics concepts of spectrasco pic properties of solids
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