Modern Experimental Physics Introduction for Physics 401 students. Fall 2017 Eugene V. Colla

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1 Modern Experimental Physics Introduction for Physics 401 students Fall 2017 Eugene V. Colla

2 Goals of the course Experiments Teamwork Schedule and assignments Your working mode 2

3 Primary: Learn how to do research Each project is a mini-research effort How are experiments actually carried out Use of modern tools and modern analysis and data-recording techniques Learn how to document your work Secondary: Learn some modern physics Many experiments were once Nobel-prize-worthy efforts They touch on important themes in the development of modern physics Some will provide the insight to understand advanced courses Some are just too new to be discussed in textbooks 3

ferroelectric measurements Courtesy of Emily Zarndt & Mike Skulski (F11) Step2.

4 Primary. Each project is a mini-research effort Step1. Preparing: Sample preparation Wiring the setup Testing electronics Preparing the samples for ferroelectric measurements Courtesy of Emily Zarndt & Mike Skulski (F11) Step2. Taking data: If problems go back to Step 1. Standing waves resonances in Second Sound experiment Courtesy of Mae Hwee Teo and Vernie Redmon (F11) 4

Primary. Each project is a mini-research effort Step3.

Step 2 Plot of coincidence rate for 22Na against the angle between

30 with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 14.75.

5 Primary. Each project is a mini-research effort Step3. Data Analysis If data is bad or not enough data point go back to Step 2 Plot of coincidence rate for 22Na against the angle between detectors A and B. The fit is a Gaussian function centred at with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Courtesy of Bi Ran and Thomas Woodroof Step4. Writing report and preparing the talk Author#1 and Author#2 5

6 Primary. How are experiments actually carried out? The procedures are not all written out The questions are not in the back of the chapter The answers are not in the back of the book You will have to learn to guide your own activities 6

7 Primary. Use of modern tools and modern analysis and data-recording techniques Lock-in amplifiers Digital scopes Precise DMM s Multichannel analyzers Cryogenic equipment Temperature controllers Sample preparation equipment Microscopes Modern optical equipment etc. 7

8 Primary. Learn how to document your work On line. Electronic logbook Making an analysis report, Writing formal report Presenting your findings orally 8

Secondary: Learn some modern physics Many experiments were

Gerd Binnig "for their design of the scanning tunneling

magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes "for his investigations on the

alia, to the production of liquid helium". 1973.

tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors,

9 Secondary: Learn some modern physics Many experiments were once Nobel-prize-worthy efforts Gerd Binnig "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell Heike Kamerlingh Onnes "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" Ivar Giaever "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" 9

All experiments are divided in three main groups: Condensed Matter (CM), Nuclear/ Particle Physics (NP),

detecting of the superconductivity. Penetration depth.

Dielectric and pyroelectric study (Ferro1) Optical Investigation of the ferroelectric phase transition and domain

10 All experiments are divided in three main groups: Condensed Matter (CM), Nuclear/ Particle Physics (NP), Atomic/Molecular/Optics (AMO) Condensed Matter (CM) Superconductivity Tunneling in superconductors - new Contactless detecting of the superconductivity. Penetration depth. 2 nd sound in He4 superfluid state Ferroelectrics and ferroelectric phase transition. Dielectric and pyroelectric study (Ferro1) Optical Investigation of the ferroelectric phase transition and domain formation (Ferro2) Polarization of the ferroelectrics. Hysteresis loops (Ferro3) new Low temperature thermometry. Sensors calibration. Pulsed NMR Special Tools: Vacuum film deposition Atomic Force Microscope Polarizing microscope 10

Nuclear / Particle (NP) Alpha particle range in gasses Cosmic ray muons: Angular correlations in nuclear decay Angular distribution of cosmic rays Mössbauer

11 Nuclear / Particle (NP) Alpha particle range in gasses Cosmic ray muons: Angular correlations in nuclear decay Angular distribution of cosmic rays Mössbauer spectroscopy g-rays spectroscopy Atomic / Molecular / Optics (AMO) Optical pumping of rubidium gas Berry s phase Quantum erasure Quantum Entanglement Florescence spectroscopy 11

12 Ferro1 (1) Sample preparation (2) Samples on the cryostat stage (3) Results: Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of barium titanate '/ K/min 100Hz T (K) setup 12

13 Ferro2 Setup Domains in tetragonal phase of BaTO Idea of operating Physics Courtesy 401 Fall of 2017 Dave Grych and Thomas Hymel (F10) 13

14 L Second sound Transmitter R 2 R 1 Receiver To lock-in Idea of the experiment T<2.17K T = 1.57K R ( V) R ( V) Final result ƒ (Hz) Raw data 14

15 Muon counting Main stock of scintillators Wiring Courtesy of Deniz Köksal, Emily Zarndt Muons precession in magnetic field 15

16 Optical pumping 0.52 Energy transitions of Rb85 for 10.8 G. Double quantum transitions can be seen and occur when two photons are simultaneously absorbed. Courtesy of Natasha Sachdeva (S2011) Intensity (a.u.) Rb f (MHz) 16

17 Many are just guides A few purchased experiments have real manuals We serve as your guides like real research An example of Lab manual 17

18 Item Points Expt. documentation: elog reports, shift summaries, plot quality; paper logbooks Formal reports: physics case, quality of results, depth of analysis, conclusions Oral reports: motivation, organization of presentation; fielding questions 180 Total 60 / cycle 600 Total 100 / report / oral Total

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21 Total 24 seats (Fall) The course is more appropriate for juniors and seniors Prerequisite: Credit or concurrent registration in P486. Instructor Approval Required 21

Modern Experimental Physics Introduction for Physics 401 students. Eugene V. Colla

Modern Experimental Physics Introduction for Physics 401 students Eugene V. Colla Outline Goals of the course Experiments Teamwork Schedule and assignments Your working mode 3/26/2012 2 Physics 403. The