1. Making the invisible, visible. 2. Enabling the students to witness experiments that they cannot conduct themselves.
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1 Lesson Plan Lesson: Gas Calculations Aim: To investigate the molar and reacting volumes of gases. Learning Outcomes : At the end of the lesson, students will be able to : 1. state the molar volumes of gases at r.t.p and s.t.p. 2. state Avogadro s Law. 3. calculate the molar mass given the volume and mass of a substance. 4. work out the volume of a gas produced in a chemical reaction from a given amount of reactant. 5. work out the volumes of gases involved in a chemical reaction from the balanced equation for the reaction. Assumed prior knowledge : Students should already : 1. be familiar with the mole concept and the Avogadro constant. 2. be able to find mole ratios and reacting masses from balanced chemical equations. 3. be able to calculate the number of particles in a given amount (mass or moles)of a substance, using the Avogadro constant. Underlying Principles 1. Making the invisible, visible. 2. Enabling the students to witness experiments that they cannot conduct themselves. Time taken to complete the activities : 80 minutes Differentiation Questions in the student notes are designed to enable all students to complete the activity. The pop-up answers are provided for the students to view when they have considered their responses. Worksheet questions include questions that require recall, understanding and application of the new concepts learned Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 1
2 Development of Lesson : No. Steps Strategy Resources 1 Set Induction. Teacher to ask students to predict what (Ascertaining prior knowledge and introducing lesson topic for the day). will happen to a balloon of air which is in a container of warm water. Teacher to help students figure out concept that measurement of volume of a fixed amount of gas depends on the temperature. Teacher to introduce lesson objectives. 2 Student Activity Teacher to go through Activities 1-5 with the students. Courseware Activity 1 : How much hydrogen? Students get to investigate the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature and pressure and learn about the two sets of conditions; stp and rtp, for measuring gas volumes. Activity 2 : Avogadro s Law Get students to use the pop-up Mol-o- Meter to calculate the number of moles in samples of solids, liquids and gases, given their masses. Students to use the experimental results from the production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen to deduce that equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Activity 3 : Molecular mass from molar volume. Get students to find the volume of a vapour produced by evaporation of a known mass of an unknown volatile liquid. Students are to use this volume to calculate the mass of one mole of the gas and then calculate the molecular formula of the gas, given its empirical formula Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 2
3 Activity 4 : How much gas? Students to use the step-by-step method shown to calculate the volume of hydrogen produced from a given mass of a metal by reaction with an acid. Activity 5 : Reacting Volumes of Gases. Students to find the volume ratio in which two gases react from the balanced chemical equation and then use this ratio to find the volumes of the other gases involved in the reaction. 3 Evaluation Students to answer questions in the student worksheet on their own. 4 Extension activity Students to go through the extension activities on their own. Worksheet Reference books Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 3
4 Worksheet Answers 1 How much hydrogen? 1.1 a. 3.40/17 = mol b. 3 x = mol c x = 4800 cm 3 = 4.80 x 10 3 cm a. 1/18 = mol b x = 1344 cm 3 = 1.34 x 10 3 cm 3 c x 10 3 times d. 1/(1.34 x 10 3 ) x 100 = % 1.3 a x 3.00 x 5.00 = 37.5 m 3 = 3.75 x 10 4 dm 3 b x 10 4 / 24 = 1.56 x 10 3 mol c x 10 3 x 28 = 4.37 x 10 4 g = 43.7 kg 1.4 a. C 4 H 10 b. H 2 c. H 2. Rocket fuel is stored as a liquid and hydrogen gives the most energy per gram of the liquid fuel. 1.5 a. Increases. b. Decreases. c. Increases. d. Remains the same. 2. Avogadro s Law. 2.1 a. Ethane : 1/30 = mol Fluorine : 2/38 = mol Sulphur dioxide : 3/64.1 = mol Fluorine. One mole of any gas occupies the same volume at the same temperature and pressure. The more moles of the gas, the greater the volume it occupies. 3. Molecular mass from molar volume. 3.1 a. Mass of molar volume of gas = x /140 = 25.7 g. Therefore M r = 26 and hence formula is C 2 H 2. b. Mass of molar volume of gas = x /92 = 78.3 g. Therefore M r = 78 and hence formula is C 6 H Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 4
5 3.2 Mass of compound = x 0.78 g = g. Mass of molar volume of gas = x /298 = 44. Therefore M r = 44.0 If the molecule contains one O atom, remaining mass = = 28.0 Rest of molecule is therefore 2C and 4H. Molecular formula is C 2 H 4 O (ethanal). 4. How much gas? 4.1 M r for Pb(NO 3 ) 2 = 331. Moles Pb(NO 3 ) 2 = 1.00/331 = 3.02 x Therefore moles of gas formed = 5/2 x 3.02 x 10-3 = 7.55 x Volume of NO 2 + O 2 at s.t.p. = x 7.55 x 10-3 cm 3 = 169 cm Moles of CO 2 needed = 1/24 = mol. Therefore moles NaHCO 3 needed = 2 x mol = mol. Mass of NaHCO 3 needed = x 84 = 7.01 g. 4.3 a. 2H 2 S(g) + SO 2 -> 3S(s) + 2 H 2 O(g) b. i. If 240 cm 3 of water vapour formed, an equal volume of H 2 S must have been used. Moles of H 2 S = 240/ = mol ii. Moles of sulphur = 0.480/32.1 = mol iii. Moles of SO 2 = 0.015/3 = 5.00 x 10-3 mol iv. Volume of SO 2 = 240/2 = 120 cm a. Mass of octane = 1000 x = 700 g. Moles of octane = 700/114 = 6.14 mol. b. Moles of oxygen gas required for complete combustion = 12.5 x 6.14 = 76.8 mol. Volume of oxygen at r.t.p. required = 76.8 x cm 3 = cm 3 = dm 3 c. Volume of air needed for complete combustion = 5 x 1843 dm 3 = 9215 dm 3 5. Reacting volumes of gases. 5.1 Volume of carbon dioxide absorbed by the sodium hydroxide solution = 40 cm 3. Therefore volume of oxygen left over = 20 cm 3. Oxygen gas used = = 80 cm 3. So: C x H y (g) +?O 2 (g) ->?CO 2 (g) +?H 2 O(l) 1 volume : 2 volumes 1 volume Therefore: x = 1 and 2 moles O 2 are used. Thus water formed = 2 moles and y must be = Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 5
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