Understanding the Atom 1.3
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1 Understanding the Atom 1.3
2 Introduction to Atoms 1.What are some ways that scientists have described the atom? 2.What are the parts of the atom, and how are they arranged? 3.How are atoms of all elements alike?
3 What do you see?
4 Many objects that appear to be whole are actually made up of many smaller parts. This lead to the theory of the atom: -All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms.
5 Observe the simulated spectroscope of an atom. electron (yellow) nucleus (red) What makes up the largest portion of the atom?
6 Questions? Could you keep cutting a piece of paper in half? Would you eventually come up with a piece that you could not cut in half?
7 Beginnings of Atomic Theory Democritus Around 440 B.C. Greek philosopher Said that if you kept cutting a silver coin in halves, eventually you would get an UNCUTTABLE particle. Atom means uncuttable in Greek
8 What did Democritus claim? All atoms are made from the same materials Atoms are small, hard particles Atoms constantly move Atoms make different materials by joining together
9 How can you design a life size model of an atom? By cutting a 28 centimeter strip of paper in half as many times as you can. If you can cut the strip of paper in half 31 times you will end up with a piece of paper the size of an atom. what to do: Take your strip of paper and cut it into equal halves. Cut one of the remaining pieces of paper into equal halves. Continue to cut the strip into equal halves as many times as you can. Make all cuts parallel to the first one. When the width gets longer than the length, you may cut off the excess, but that does not count as a cut.
10 How far did you get? Cut cm 5.5" Child's hand, pockets Cut cm 2.75" Fingers, ears, toes Cut cm 1.38" Watch, mushroom, eye Cut cm.69" Keyboard keys, rings, insects Cut 6.44 cm.17" Poppy seeds Cut 8 1 mm.04" Thread. Congratulations if your still in! Cut mm.01" Still cutting? Most have quit by now Cut mm.002" Microscopic range, human hair Cut mm.006" Width of paper, microchip components Cut 18 1 micron.0004" Water purification openings, bacteria Cut 19.5 micron " Visible light waves Cut micron " Electron microscope range, membranes Cut micron " The size of an Atom!
11 Now what? Scientists use advanced technology to explore the world of electrons and quarks that are at least 9,000 times smaller than a nucleus. We can not see anything smaller than an atom with our eyes, even with the electron microscope. Physicists study much smaller things without seeing them directly. Is there an end to the quest for the smallest and most basic elements in our world? The search began with the Greeks and continues as scientists search for the Building Blocks of the universe. These things are far beyond the range of sensory perception but not beyond the range of human understanding.
12 Whatever happened to Democritus? Aristotle ( B.C.) disagreed with Democritus Democritus s ideas were ignored for centuries.
13 Along Comes Dalton John Dalton 1803 British chemist and school teacher
14 What was Dalton s Theory? All substances are made of atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike. Atoms of different elements are different. Atoms cannot be broken into smaller pieces. Compounds always have elements in a constant ratio.
15 Thomson Takes Over J.J. Thomson 1897 Conducted a cathode-ray tube experiment
16 Cathode Ray Tube
17 Thomson Takes Over There IS something smaller than an atom! ELECTRON What balances the negative charge?
18 The Plum Pudding Model Thomson s Model
19 Rutherford s Shooting Gallery Ernest Rutherford 1911 Former student of Thomson Originally set out to test Thomson s theory Conducted the gold foil experiment
20 Gold Foil Set Up
21
22 What Did Rutherford Discover? Atoms contain mostly empty space. There is a small, dense, positively charged area inside atoms called a NUCLEUS. Most of the atom s mass is in the nucleus. Electrons move in empty space in the atom.
23 Rutherford s Nuclear Model
24 Bohr Takes Over Niels Bohr 1913 Worked with Rutherford Added several ideas to the atomic theory Electrons travel in definite paths. Electrons jump between levels from path to path.
25 Bohr Model
26 The Modern Theory Schrodinger and Heisenberg Electron paths cannot be predicted. Electrons are found in electron clouds, not paths these are regions the electrons are likely to be found.
27
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