Where it came from and what we know now
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1 Where it came from and what we know now
2 History of the Atom The first mention of the atom came from Democritus in ancient Greece He suggested that the universe was made up of small, indivisible units called atoms He believed that the differences in the atoms had to do with their shape, and that these differing shapes gave them their properties (BC) Unfortunately, he had no evidence for his theory. He was a philosopher all they do is think
3 History of the Atom The next big step in atomic theory came from John Dalton He noticed that all atoms of a certain element were exactly the same and that when different atoms combined, they formed new compounds. He observed the reactions of chemicals with each other and saw that they consistently combined the same way.
4 1 = Hydrogen 2= Nitrogen 3= Carbon 4= Oxygen Etc.
5 History of the Atom J. J. Thomson discovered the presence of negatively charged particles of an atom His Cathode Ray Tube experiment allowed him to discover that, when the cathode ray was introduced to a magnetic field, the ray would deflect towards the positive terminal He created the plum pudding theory of the atom, where the raisins in the pudding represented the electrons
6 History of the Atom Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
7 History of the Atom Earnest Rutherford, using alpha particles and gold foil, discovered that most of the mass of an atom was centrally located
8 History of the Atom
9 What the atom now looks like! 1. The universe is made up of tiny indivisible units, we now call atoms 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike, and can combine with other elements to create compounds 3. Atoms have negatively charged particles 4. Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated at the center
10 What is the atom composed of? Protons Positively charged, located in the nucleus Neutrons No charge, located in the nucleus Electrons Negative Charge, Located in the electron cloud
11 What is the atom made up of? Protons Positively charged, located in the nucleus Neutrons No charge, located in the nucleus Electrons Negative Charge, Located in the electron cloud Particle Charge Mass (Kg) Location in the atom Proton x Nucleus Neutron x Nucleus Electron x Electron cloud
12 What do the protons tell us about the element? Protons tell us what element it is. It is the atomic number. Oxygen has 8 The atomic mass of oxygen is 16. It has 8 neutrons, on average protons Neutrons add mass to the atom. To get the atomic mass, you add the number of protons to the number of neutrons. The number of neutrons in an atom is not constant.
13 What they tell us about the atom If an atom has a different number of neutrons than the stable element, it is said to be an isotope. The atomic mass is a ratio of all of the isotopes that naturally exist in the world
14 Why are electrons so important? Electrons are found in what is known as the electron cloud. The cloud consists of different energy orbitals. The specific location of each electron is unknowable since they are constantly transitioning from one orbital to the next.
15 Valence electrons The valence electrons are located on the outer most orbital of the electron, and can be determined by which group of the periodic table they reside in. How many valence electrons an element has determines its reactivity
16 Valence electrons As we move from left to right across the groups, we increase our valence electrons
17 What does this tell us? Atoms want to be stable, and an atom is most stable when its outer shell is full. A full shell has 8 electrons.
18 Valence Electrons Lets look at the first period. 1 Valence electron 6 Valence electrons Ions will be +1 Ions will be -2
19 A new way to look at mass Moles: The S.I. base unit we use to measure the amount of a substance. 1 mole is defined as the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 There are x atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. this is known as Avogadro s number
20
21 Converting between mass and moles Ex 1. Convert 2 moles of lead to mass:type equation here. 2 Moles Pb g 1 Mole Pb = g Pb Ex 2. How many moles are there in 54.5 grams of carbon? 54.5 g C 1 Mole C g = 4.54 moles C
22 Modern Atomic Theory The atom is made up of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and the electrons are in the electron cloud. We now know that electrons exist is very specific energy levels; never in between. e - e - e - e - e - GROUND STATE
23 Modern atomic Theory The electrons jump from level to level when they are bombarded by photons and other energy sources e - e -
24 Modern Atomic Theory The number of energy levels filled depends on the number of electrons present. Energy level Number of orbitals by type s p d f Total number of orbitals Number of electrons 1 1 1= = = =16 32
25 Modern Atomic Theory Element Number of electrons Orbital Hydrogen (H) 1 1s 1 Carbon (C) 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 Oxygen (O) 8 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 Neon (Ne) 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Sulfur (S) 16 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4 Potassium (K) 19 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
26 Modern Atomic Theory Oxygen (O): 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 8 P 8N
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