Atomic Theories Chapter 4.1. How do we know about atoms when no one has ever seen inside an atom?
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1 Atomic Theories Chapter 4.1 How do we know about atoms when no one has ever seen inside an atom?
2 Greek Philosopher Democritus Lived BCE Believed it is IMPOSSIBLE to divide matter ad infinitum. Theory: Atomos smallest particle of matter.
3 Greek Philosopher: Aristotle Lived BCE Theory: All matter consists of 4 elements. Air Water Fire Earth Theory: Matter can be divided indefinitely.
4 John Dalton Lived (Two thousand years after the Greek philosophers.) Country: England Math & Chemistry teacher Member of the Royal Society Received many awards and honors. Theory (1803): All matter is composed of tiny, solid, indestructible particles called atoms. Atoms of same elements are alike in size and mass. Atoms of different elements have different sizes and masses. Nickname: Billiard Ball Theory
5 John Dalton (continued) Experiments: He measured amounts of elements and masses of compounds. Example: Electrolysis of water electro refers to electricity lysis means to cut
6 John Dalton (continued) This experiment shows: 2 times the VOLUME of hydrogen gas compared to the volume of oxygen. So, there must be twice the proportion of hydrogen atoms as oxygen in each water molecule. Therefore the formula for water is H 2 O.
7 John Dalton (continued) Also, when he measured the MASS of hydrogen and oxygen, he found out that the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen 8 :1 in every experiment. (Don t forget there are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom in every water molecule) Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 g/mole Hydrogen has a molar mass of 1 g/mole
8 John Dalton Theory: Law of Definite and Multiple Proportions 1. Chemical compounds are formed by the union of 2 or more atoms of different elements. 2. Atoms combine to form compounds in simple, whole number ratios. Examples: CO carbon monoxide is made of 1 carbon and 1 oxygen atoms CO 2 carbon dioxide is made of 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms H 2 O water is made of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide made of 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms
9 JJ Thomson Won numerous awards and prizes for his work. Member of the Royal Society. Lived Country: England Experimented with gases and electricity in sealed glass tubes (called cathode ray tubes) showing a glowing stream of particles.
10 JJ Thomson Noticed that when he held a magnet up to the tube, the gas was deflected. A positive magnet attracted the stream of particles. A negative magnet repelled the stream of particles. He discovered electrons (negative)!
11 JJ Thomson Thomson s Theory (1897): Atoms consist of negatively charged particles (we now call electrons) embedded in positive matter. Nicknames: raisin bun theory or plum pudding theory electrons are like the raisins or plums in the bread or pudding.
12 Ernest Rutherford Lived Country: England and New Zealand He had many honors, including being President of the Royal Society. Won many awards, including becoming an English knight and baron. Famous Experiment (1911): Gold Foil Experiment
13 Rutherford s Famous Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford discovered the NUCLEUS of the atom! Theories about Atoms: 1. Atoms have a small, dense core (we now call the nucleus) 2. The nucleus is positively charged. 3. The nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom. 4. An atom s volume is mostly empty space!
14 Niels Bohr Lived Country: Denmark; worked in England and USA Studied under both JJ Thomson and Ernest Rutherford. President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences Foreign member of the Royal Society. Won Nobel Prize in Physics in Worked with leading scientists on the Atomic Energy Project.
15 Niels Bohr Experiment: Bohr studied the bright line spectra of hydrogen. He measured the energy released by hydrogen s energized electrons when they return to ground state. He noticed that the released energy was in certain packets of light energy (called photons).
16 Niels Bohr Theory (1913): Electrons travel in particular orbits around the atom s nucleus like planets around the sun. Also, the chemical properties of each element is determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbit of its atoms.
17 Modern Theory of the Atom De Broglie & Shrodinger s work led to the develop of the most current model of the atom called the Electron Cloud Model There is a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutrons which have no charge There is a space surrounding the nucleus called the Electron Cloud which is a probable location of where the electrons are found.
18
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