Dalton Thompson Rutherford Bohr Modern Model ("Wave. Models of the Atom
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1 Dalton Thompson Rutherford Bohr Modern Model ("Wave Models of the Atom Mechanical" Model) Aim: To discuss the scientists and their contributions to the current atomic model. Focus: Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Oldest Current Dalton Thompson Rutherford Bohr Modern Model ("Wave Mechanical" Model) Oct 20 6:39 PM Sep 22 1:18 PM 1
2 Democritus 460 B.C. Democritus was a greek philosopher who developed the first atomic theory. States that matter is made up of very small, internal, indivisible parts, called atoms. He believed that atoms only differed in shape and size but were all identical. He thought everything was the same element. What was incorrect about Democritus' model? What was missing? His model was missing subatomic particles and a nucleus. Not all elements are identical. Oct 20 6:39 PM Dalton's Atomic Theory 1) All elements are composed of atoms 2) All atoms of a given element are identical 3) Atoms of the same element have the same mass 4) Compounds consist of two or more elements combined in a fixed proportion. Ex: Water (H 2 O) is ALWAYS 2 atoms of hydrogen bonded to 1 atom of oxygen. 5) Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged Oct 20 9:18 PM 2
3 John Dalton's Model Early 1800's The atom was a dense, hard, indivisible sphere with no subatomic particles. When Dalton developed his model no one knew subatomic particles existed. How was Dalton's model incorrect? What was missing? His model was missing subatomic particles and a nucleus. Oct 20 9:18 PM Cathode Ray Tube Experiment A beam of particles was fired through two charged plates. The beam attracted towards the positive charge. Therefore Thomson concluded all atoms have a negatively charged particle. Nov 10 2:06 PM 3
4 J.J Thompson's Plum Pudding Model 1897 Plum Pudding Model the atom is a sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded throughout. (like a chocolate chip cookie) Discovered the electron to be a part of every atom through experiments with a cathode ray tube. How was Thomson's atomic model incorrect? What was missing? The plum pudding model did not have a nucleus, protons or neutrons. Oct 22 4:53 PM Ernest Rutherford's Model 1909 Rutherford conducted the Gold Foil Experiment. From this experiment he discovered two properties of the atom: 1) It had a small, positive, dense, nucleus 2) It was mostly empty space. Nuclear model: Central positive nucleus surrounded by empty space with electrons scattered around it. How was Rutherford's atomic model incorrect? What was missing? Rutherford's model was missing energy levels for electrons. Oct 22 4:53 PM 4
5 Bohr Model of the Atom 1913 Planetary model Electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun. Bohr placed the electrons in energy levels (shells) outside of the nucleus. The electrons travel in a fixed path or orbit around the nucleus. How was Bohr's atomic model incorrect? What was missing? Bohr's model was missing orbitals for the electrons and the electron cloud. Oct 22 6:12 PM Wave Mechanical Model THIS IS THE MODEL ACCEPTED TODAY. Wave Mechanical Model: electrons surround the nucleus in their principle energy levels but are further divided into sublevels and sit in orbitals. Orbital: the most probable location of finding an electron. The electrons constantly move. The electrons form an "electron cloud" because all of the movement gives the appearance of a cloud. Oct 22 6:12 PM 5
6 Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment This experiment led to the most substantial discovery of the atom: A piece of gold foil was bombarded with alpha particles which have a positive charge. ALL OF THE particles should have passed straight through the foil based on the Thomson's model of the atom but they DIDN'T! OBSERVATIONS: Most alpha particles passed straight through the foil. CONCLUSION: A small amount of alpha particles bounced backwards or deflected to the side at an angle. The atom has a small, dense positive nucleus and is composed of mostly empty space. Oct 20 6:41 PM Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Summaries The atom is mostly empty space. Determined by the fact that most alpha particles passed straight through the foil undeflected. The nucleus is small, dense, and has a positive charge. Determined by the fact that only a small amount of alpha particles were deflected when they came close to the positive nucleus. Oct 3 2:50 PM 6
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