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1 ATOMIC THEORY
2 ONCE UPON A TIME People have been fascinated with matter for a long time. What is matter? What is all this stuff around us made of? Can it be broken down? Are there different types of matter? Time to develop a model
3 ONCE UPON A TIME Democritus (~465BC) Believed that the whole universe was made up of 2 things: Tiny particles (atoms) and empty space The universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which they exist and move.
4 ONCE UPON A TIME Aristotle (~340BC) Did not agree with Democritus Did not believe in atoms He said all matter was composed of 5 elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire and Aether (divine element)
5 FAST FORWARD THROUGH TIME
6 ONCE UPON A TIME John Dalton (1808) Since the time of Democritus and Aristotle a lot of advances had been made in Chemistry and these generally involved the idea that matter was composed of particles Ex: Law of Conservation of Mass
7 ONCE UPON A TIME John Dalton (1808) Matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter; they cannot be broken up further All atoms of a single element are identical All He atoms are identical; all Xe atoms are identical, etc The atoms of different elements are different He atoms are different from Xe atoms Atoms of different elements could combine to form compounds
8 DALTON S ATOMIC MODEL 1803 Xe Xe Identical Identical He He Xe He Different
9 ONCE UPON A TIME J.J. Thomson (1897) Discover that there were particles that were smaller and lighter than the smallest atoms known (Hydrogen) Therefore atoms had small building blocks that made them
10 ONCE UPON A TIME Ernest Rutherford (1911) Discovered that the atom must be made up mostly of empty space, with small electrons floating around and a more massive central positive (+) nucleus
11 ONCE UPON A TIME Niels Bohr (1913) Another one of Thomson s students Bohr hypothesized that electrons must be in specific orbitals around the nucleus Also determined that each orbital (energy level) could only accommodate a certain number of electrons We ll come back to this later!
12 BOHR S ATOMIC MODEL 1913
13 ONCE UPON A TIME Rutherford-Bohr Model Rutherford later made the discovery of the proton The nucleus is not just one large positive particle, but rather made up of several positive particles (protons) depending on the element
14 ONCE UPON A TIME Rutherford-Bohr Model It is this number of protons that determines the element! Different elements have different numbers of protons Atoms have the same number of protons (+) as electrons (-) so that they are overall neutral (no charge)
15 RUTHERFORD-BOHR MODEL
16 THE BOHR-RUTHERFORD MODEL Protons in the nucleus Number of protons = atomic number on Periodic Table Electrons in orbitals around the nucleus The total number of electrons is the same as the number of protons overall charge has to be neutral
17 THE BOHR-RUTHERFORD MODEL Remember: each orbital can only hold a certain number of electrons 1 st orbital: max 2 e- 2 nd orbital: max 8 e- 3 rd orbital: max 8 e-
18 PERIODIC TABLE
19 READING THE PERIODIC TABLE
20 PERIODIC TABLE Atomic Number Tells you the number of protons each atom of an element has This is different for every element This differing number of protons gives each element different properties
21 PERIODIC TABLE Atomic Mass Protons have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit) Neutrons also have a mass of 1 amu Electrons are so small they have almost no mass We say their mass is negligible
22 READING THE PERIODIC TABLE Helium has Therefore 2 protons must have 2 neutrons Has a mass of ~4 amu
23
24
25 SUMMARY/REVIEW Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass Atom Smallest unit of matter Made of electrons, neutrons, protons Centre is called the nucleus
26 SUMMARY/REVIEW Nucleus Centre of an atom Contains the protons and neutrons Proton Sub-particle of an atom with a positive charge Found in the nucleus
27 SUMMARY/REVIEW Electron Sub-particle of an atom with a negative charge Found in the orbits around the nucleus Neutron Sub-particle of an atom with a neutral charge Found in the nucleus
28 SUMMARY/REVIEW Nucleus Centre of an atom Contains the protons and neutrons Element Substance made from one type of atom only
29 SUMMARY/REVIEW Molecule A group of atoms that are chemically bonded Compound A molecule formed by combining two or more different types of atoms
30 All molecules These are compounds
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