Early Ideas About Matter
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1 Early Ideas About Matter Democritus ( BC) believed that matter is made of small, solid objects called atomos, from which the English word atom is derived.
2 Early Ideas About Matter (cont.) Aristotle ( BC) did not believe that empty space exists, but instead believed that all matter is made of fire, water, air, and earth. Because Aristotle was so influential, his ideas were accepted and Democritus s ideas about atoms were not studied again for more than 2,000 years.
3 Dalton s Atomic Model John Dalton combined data from his own scientific research with data from the research of other scientists to propose a new atomic theory.
4 The Atom An atom is the smallest piece of an element that still represents that element. What is a copper atom?
5 The Atom (cont.) Atoms of different elements are different sizes, but all are very, very small. You cannot see atoms with just your eyes or even with most microscopes. How would you describe the size of an atom?
6 The Atom (cont.) The 1981 invention of a high-powered microscope, called a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), enabled scientists to see individual atoms for the first time. Scientists have learned that atoms are not the smallest particles of matter.
7 Following his experiments with cathode ray tubes, scientist J.J. Thomson concluded that cathode rays were made of small, negatively charged particles which he called electrons.
8 Thomson Discovering Electrons An electron is a particle with one negative charge (1 ). electron from Greek electron, means amber, the physical force so called because it first was generated by rubbing amber. Amber is a fossilized substance produced by trees.
9 Thomson Discovering Electrons (cont.) Because atoms are neutral, or not electrically charged, Thomson proposed that atoms also must contain a positive charge that balances the negatively charged electrons. Thomson s proposed atom was a sphere with a positive charge evenly spread throughout and negatively charged electrons within it.
10 Thomson s model of the atom contained a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons within it.
11 Rutherford Discovering the Nucleus Scientist Ernest Rutherford set up experiments to test Thomson s atomic model and to learn more about what atoms contain.
12 Rutherford expected the positive alpha particles to travel straight through the foil without changing direction.
13 Some alpha particles traveled in a straight path, as expected. But some changed direction, and some bounced straight back.
14 Rutherford Discovering the Nucleus (cont.) Given the results of the gold foil experiment, how do you think an actual atom differs from Thomson s model?
15 Rutherford Discovering the Nucleus (cont.) Rutherford concluded that most of an atom s mass and positive charge is concentrated in a small area in the center of the atom called the nucleus. Additional research showed that the positive charge in the nucleus was made of positively charged particles called protons.
16 Rutherford Discovering the Nucleus (cont.) A proton is an atomic particle that has one positive charge (1+). Negatively charged electrons move in the empty space surrounding the nucleus.
17 Rutherford s model contains a small, dense, positive nucleus. Tiny, negatively charged electrons travel in empty space around the nucleus.
18 Discovering Neutrons James Chadwick discovered that, in addition to protons, the nucleus also contained neutrons. A neutron is a neutral particle that exists in the nucleus of an atom.
19 Bohr s Atomic Model Niels Bohr proposed that electrons move in circular orbits, or energy levels, around the nucleus. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy than electrons farther away from the nucleus.
20 Bohr s Atomic Model (cont.) More research showed that, although electrons have specific amounts of energy, energy levels are not arranged in circular orbits. When an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is released sometimes as visible light.
21 In Bohr s model of the atom, electrons move in circular orbits around the atom.
22 Bohr s Atomic Model (cont.) How did Bohr s model of the atom differ from Rutherford s?
23 The Modern Atomic Model In the modern atomic model, electrons form an electron cloud. An electron cloud is an area around an atomic nucleus where an electron is most likely to be.
24 In this atom, electrons are more likely to be found closer to the nucleus than farther away.
25 The Modern Atomic Model (cont.) How has the model of the atom changed over time?
26 Quarks Protons and neutrons are made of smaller particles called quarks. Scientists theorize that there are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark.
27 Quarks (cont.) Neutrons are made of two down quarks and one up quark. The current atomic model might change with the invention of new technology that aids the discovery of new information.
28 Which term describes a particle with one negative charge? A. atom B. electron C. nucleus D. proton
29 Whose model of the atom contained a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons within it? A. Dalton B. Democritus C. Rutherford D. Thomson
30 Which term refers to an area around an atomic nucleus where an electron is most likely to be? A. electron cloud B. neutron C. nucleus D. proton
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