Chap 4 Bell -Ringers

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1 Chap 4 Bell -Ringers

2 The Structure of the Atom The Atom has a Structure

3 What we ve seen so far Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry - Chemistry is about discovering and understanding natural laws using the scientific method - Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

4 What we ve seen so far Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Atoms - Matter can be mixtures or substances. The smallest unit of a pure substance is an element. - Each element is a type of atom, and they can be arranged in a periodic table. - Atoms come together to form compounds. Atoms with an electric charge are known as ions.

5 What we ve seen so far Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Atoms Chapter 3 Temperature, Energy, and Heat - Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy. - Heat is thermal energy. - Heat gain and heat loss can cause phase changes, as molecules are rearranged.

6 What we ve seen so far Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Atoms Temperature, Energy, and Heat Physical and Chemical Change - In a physical change molecules are rearranged. In a chemical change atoms are rearranged to make new substances. - Chemical reactions can be endothermic or exothermic. - Many reactions occur in aqueous solution, and some elements are more reactive than others.

7 Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Atoms Temperature, Energy, and Heat How can we explain the properties and behaviors observed so far? Physical and Chemical Change

8 Chapter 1 The Science of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Atoms Chapter 3 Temperature, Energy, and Heat Answers can be found inside the atom How can we explain the properties and behaviors observed so far? Physical and Chemical Change

9 92 different types of atoms!

10 Atoms are made from smaller particles! protons neutrons electrons Each of the elements is a unique type of atom.

11 Atoms are made from smaller particles! protons neutrons electrons How did scientists come up with this?

12 It started a long time ago BC Today Democritus Beginning of Atomism You cannot divide something in half forever. The smallest piece of matter is called an atom.

13 How do you find out about something you can t see? Think of the conservation of mass labs, distilled wood, even flame test lab Think of experimentation of the Copper, HCl and Zinc lab Think of the Rutherford marble tossing lab

14 Bellringer When scientists wanted to find out what an atom was, they were not able to look directly at what the atom was made of. They had to make inferences from the results of many different experiments. It was like trying to describe a picture, such as the one on the next slide, with only small portions visible.

15 Bellringer, continued 1. Write four sentences describing what you can see of the above picture. 2. What information or parts of the picture would make your descriptions more accurate without revealing the entire picture?

16 Scientists contributing CHADWICK THOMSON RUTHERFORD DALTON de BROGLIE BOHR

17 BC 1808 Dalton s Postulates Today Democritus Atomism 1. All elements are made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Over 2,000 years later John Dalton comes up with the first modern atomic theory.

18 BC 1808 Dalton s Postulates Today Democritus Atomism 1. All elements are made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Over 2,000 years later John Dalton comes up with the first modern atomic theory. 2. All atoms of the same element are the same, but different from atoms of every other element.

19 BC 1808 Dalton s Postulates Today Democritus Atomism 1. All elements are made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Over 2,000 years later John Dalton comes up with the first modern atomic theory. 2. All atoms of the same element are the same, but different from atoms of every other element. 3. Chemical reactions rearrange atoms but do not create, destroy, or convert atoms from one element to another.

20 BC 1808 Dalton s Postulates Today Democritus Atomism 1. All elements are made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Over 2,000 years later John Dalton comes up with the first modern atomic theory. 2. All atoms of the same element are the same, but different from atoms of every other element. 3. Chemical reactions rearrange atoms but do not create, destroy, or convert atoms from one element to another. 4. Compounds are made from combining atoms in simple whole number ratios.

21 Another kind of light? BC Today Democritus Atomism Dalton Modern atomic theory William Crookes invents a tube in which virtually all the gas has been removed. Under high voltage, a ray was emitted from the cathode end of the tube.

22 It started a long time ago BC Today Democritus Atomism Dalton Modern atomic theory Crookes Cathode rays Cathode rays must be negative. J.J. Thomson discovers the electron

23 It started a long time ago BC Today Democritus Atomism Dalton Modern atomic theory Crookes Cathode rays Thomson Discovery of the electron Ernest Rutherford discovers the nucleus

24 Size and mass The size of the atom comes mostly from the space occupied by the electrons The mass of the atom comes mostly from the nucleus

25 Charges in the atom neutrons electrons protons

26 Charges in the atom A complete atom has a charge of zero

27 Charges in the atom

28 neutrons electrons protons What happens when you change the number of protons?

29 6 protons in carbon 7 protons in nitrogen 8 protons in oxygen You obtain a different element! The number of protons is also called the atomic number for that element.

30 Electrons are very light and fast. The electron cloud They are not organized along orbits around the nucleus. Except for mass, virtually every property of atoms is determined by electrons, including size and chemical bonding

31 neutrons electrons protons What happens when you change the number of neutrons?

32 Atomic number Neutrons act as glue. They hold protons together in the nucleus.

33 Mass number = 6 p + 6 n = C carbon-12 mass number: total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

34 Name Mass number # protons # neutrons

35 Name Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Mass number # protons # neutrons

36 Name Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Mass number # protons # neutrons

37 Name Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Mass number # protons # neutrons

38 Name Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Mass number # protons # neutrons 6 7 8

39 isotopes: atoms or elements that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different number of neutrons.

40 Two lithium isotopes in nature Atomic mass How can lithium have neutrons?

41 Number of neutrons for each of 100 lithium atoms randomly sampled from nature It s an AVERAGE mass!

42 Isotope periodic table (first 4 rows)

43 Forces in the atom There must be a force that keeps the nucleus together

44 Forces in the atom In the nucleus The strong nuclear force attracts protons to protons, neutrons to neutrons, and protons to protons Electrons Electrons repel each other, but don t fall into the nucleus because they are in constant motion. Electrons form bonds between atoms.

45 BC Today Democritus Atomism Dalton Modern atomic theory Crookes Cathode rays Thomson Discovery of the electron Rutherford Discovery of the nucleus neutrons electrons protons The size of the atom comes mostly from the electrons The mass of the atom comes mostly from the nucleus

46 Who coined the term atom in 4 BC? 1. Dalton 2. Democritus 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Democritus Rutherford Bohr Thomson

47 Who stated that elements are made of indivisible spheres called 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson atoms? 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

48 Who discovered the atom was divisible and had subatomic parts? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

49 Who discovered the electron? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

50 Who discovered that atoms are mostly empty space? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

51 Who discovered the nucleus? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

52 Who discovered the proton in the nucleus? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

53 Who stated that electrons are located in fixed energy levels? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

54 Who discovered the neutron? 1. Dalton 2. Chadwick 3. Rutherford 4. Bohr 5. Thomson 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dalton Chadwick Rutherford Bohr Thomson

55 Center of a atom, contains most of the atom s mass 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagneti...

56 Positively charged particle that exists in the nucleus of an atom. 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Eelctromagnetic force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Eelctromagneti...

57 Particle with no charge that exists in the nucleus of an atom 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagneti...

58 The least massive of the three subatomic particles which also carries an negative net charge. 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagneti...

59 Describes how electrons are arranged around an atom 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagneti...

60 The force that holds the positively charged nucleus 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force together is called 8. Strong nuclear force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Strong nuclear force Electromagnetic force

61 The force that holds the atom together is called 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force 8. Strong nuclear force Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagnetic force Strong nuclear force

62 The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron 4. Nucleus 5. Energy levels 6. Mass number 7. Electromagnetic force atom Proton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy levels Mass number Electromagneti...

63 How many protons? How many electrons? C-12 How many neutrons? Draw a atomic model for this element?

64 How many protons? How many electrons? How many neutrons? 14 6 Draw a atomic model for this element?

65 How many protons? How many electrons? How many neutrons? 7 3 Draw a atomic model for this element?

66 How many protons? How many electrons? 14 How many neutrons? Draw a atomic model for this element?

67 How many protons? How many electrons? Na-23 How many neutrons? Draw a atomic model for this element?

68 How many protons? 238 How many neutrons?

69 Be-9 atomic number? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

70 Be-9 number of protons? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

71 Be-9 number of electrons? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

72 Be-9 number of neutrons? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

73 Be-9 number of energy levels? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

74 14Si valence electrons? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

75 7N valence electrons? % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

76 Be-9 number of electrons in the first energy level? 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

77 Cl number of electrons in the first energy level? 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

78 Complete the energy levels # of Protons? # electrons? NITROGEN # e in 1 st orbital? # e; in 2 nd orbital? # of valence e?

79 1. Who discovered the electron? 2. Electrons in the outer energy are called? 3. The columns in the periodic table are called

80 NEED YOUR PERIODIC TABLE FOR THIS ONE Find SULFUR (atomic # 16) How many valence electrons does it have? Which orbital is being filled?

81 1. Element or compound?? Hydrochloric acid HCl 2. What element is most closely related to Bromine? 3. What does the group # tell us?

82 1. Who did the gold-foil experiment? 2. Who stated that elements are made of atoms? 3. What does the period # tell us? 4. Who created the term atomos?

83 Which orbital is represented by : A? s B? d C? p B A Which 2 orbitals are we most concerned with because of valence electrons? s and p C

84 Which are the metals? Nonmetals? B A B C A

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