Bellwork: 2/6/2013. atom is the. atom below. in an atom is found in the. mostly. 2. The smallest part of an. 1. Label the parts of the
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1 Bellwork: 2/6/ Label the parts of the atom below. B 2. The smallest part of an atom is the. 3. The majority of the mass in an atom is found in the. A C 4. An atom is made up of mostly.
2 Bellwork: 2/6/ Label the parts of the atom below. Neutron 2. The smallest part of an atom is the. electron 3. The majority of the mass in an atom is found in the. nucleus Electron Proton 4. An atom is made up of mostly. empty space
3 Evolution of the Atomic Model John Dalton (1802) J.J. Thomson (1897) Ernest Rutherford (1911) Niels Bohr (1913)
4 Democritus (~440 bc) Who was he? A Greek philosopher Theorized: Everything in the world is made up small particles that we cannot see The shape of these particles determine the properties of a substance
5 Democritus (~440 bc) Discovery : matter can be cut into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually cannot be broken down anymore These are the building blocks of all matter! Model: Atomos Greek for uncuttable The atom is a small, solid sphere
6 John Dalton ( ) Who was he? A British schoolteacher and meteorologist Experiment: He studied the atmosphere and the behavior of gases, and decided that all forms of matter must be made up of small individual particles with different weights John Dalton s version of The Atom
7 John Dalton ( ) Discovery (1802): The Atomic Theory All matter is made up of atoms. All atoms of an element are alike, but different from atoms of other elements. Compounds form when atoms of different elements combine. Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms, not a change in the atom. Model: The Billiard Ball Model : The atom is a small, solid sphere John Dalton s version of The Atom
8 J.J. THOMSON ( ) Who was he? A British scientist Experiment: Passed an electric current through a vacuum tube Observed the electric current Discovered that mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate Determined the electric current must be made up of small particles that carried a negative charge!
9 Discovery (~1897): The negatively charged particle called the electron It takes 2000 electrons to equal the mass of one proton Model: The Plum-Pudding Model Each atom was like a sphere that was filled with a positively charged fluid Negatively charged electrons, known as the plums were scattered throughout a positively charged pudding
10 Hypothesis and models are constructed to give the best explanation of a set of data. Models and hypothesis based on experimentation and research are: A. generally accepted by all scientists who are experts. B. modified if necessary as new data and observations are collected. C. not modified once completed if based on careful experimentation. D. generally only accepted if scientists agree with collected data. Question: Re-write the question in this section of your Bellwork page Answer: Write the letter and response in this section Prove: Describe your logic
11 Hypothesis and models are constructed to give the best explanation of a set of data. Models and hypothesis based on experimentation and research are: A. generally accepted by all scientists who are experts. B. modified if necessary as new data and observations are collected. C. not modified once completed if based on careful experimentation. D. generally only accepted if scientists agree with collected data. Scientists often make discoveries that change the way we think about things! This is a way of life in science
12 Ernest Rutherford ( ) Who is he? A New Zealand physicist who pioneered modern atomic science Experiment: The Gold-Foil Experiment Fired positively charged particles (called alpha particles) at a thin sheet of gold foil Most particles went through, some bounced back, some were deflected
13 Discovery ( ): Most of atom is empty space! Positively charged nucleus exists at the center of the atom The nucleus is small compared to the total size of the atom Model: The Planetary Model Dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by freely spinning electrons
14 Who is he? A Danish physicist Niels Bohr ( ) Experiment: Tried to explain why electrons could orbit the nucleus without getting pulled into it Suggested the electrons orbit nucleus in fixed energy levels (or shells) Electrons could jump between levels, giving off light we can see
15 Discovery (1913): The atom is much smaller than we thought! That electrons exist in distinct orbits (orbitals) around the nucleus Electrons absorb or give off energy when they move from one shell to another Model: The Bohr Model An electron's energy levels (also called electron shells) can be imagined as concentric circles around the nucleus
16 Who were they? Louis de Broglie was a French scientist Erwin Schrodinger was a Austrian physicist Experiment/Observation: Studied the movement of the electron around the nucleus to try and figure out why it didn t fall into the nucleus Schrodinger created a mathematical formula supporting de Broglie s
17 Discovery (~1925): Electrons travel in clouds around the nucleus It is impossible to know the speed and exact location of an electron It is only possible to calculate the probability of finding an electron within a given space Electrons can behave like waves or particles Model: The Electron Cloud Model (Also known as the Quantum Mechanical Model ) There are no defined orbitals like Bohr thought, just areas where electrons might be
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