Virginia Standards of Learning Chemistry

Transcription

1 correlated to the Virginia Standards of Learning Chemistry CC2 5/

2 Science Standard Correlation By Page Numbers CH.1 The student will investigate and understand that experiments in which variables are measured, analyzed, and evaluated, produce observations and verifiable data. Key concepts include IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Learning Chemistry: 9 11; Scientific Notation: 15 18; Units: 18 19; Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass: 19 22; Uncertainty in Measurements: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis: 28 33; Temperature Conversions: 33 41; Density: 41 44; Chapter Review: 44 53; The Mole: ; Molar Mass: ; Percent Composition of Compounds: ; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: ; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: ; Chapter Review: ; The ph Scale: ; Using Your Calculator: A1 A3; Scientific Notation: A4 A6; Graphing Functions: A6; SI Units and Conversion Factors: A7 a) designated laboratory techniques; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; Measurements of Length, Volume and Mass: 19 22; Chemistry in Focus: 21; Separation of Mixtures: VSOLS: 7 9 b) safe use of chemicals and equipment; Teachers may address safety issues during demonstrations. See, for example: IAE: Demonstration: 67, 156, 189, 260, 284, 485, 523, 608 1

3 c) proper response to emergency situations; Opportunities to address proper response to emergency situations can be found on the following pages: IAE: Demonstration: 67, 156, 189, 260, 284, 485, 523, 608 d) manipulation of multiple variables with repeated trials; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9 e) accurate recording, organizing, and analysis of data through repeated trials; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Uncertainty in Measurement: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Graphing Functions: A6 f) mathematical and procedural error analysis; VSOLS: 7 9, A1 A2, A3 A6 Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Learning Chemistry: 9 11; Uncertainty in Measurements: VSOLS: A2 A3 2

4 g) mathematical manipulations (SI units, scientific notation, linear equations, graphing, ratio and proportion, significant digits, dimensional analysis); IAE: Scientific Notation: 15 18; Units: 18 19; Measurements of Length, Volume and Mass: 19 22; Uncertainty in Measurement: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis: 28 33; Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving: 33 40; Density: 41 44; Chapter Review: 44 53; The Mole: ; Molar Mass: ; Percent Composition of Compounds: ; Formulas of Compounds: ; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: ; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: ; Chapter Review: ; Scientific Notation: A4 A6; Graphing Functions: A6; SI Units and Conversion Factors: A7 h) the use of appropriate technology including computers, graphing calculators, and probeware for gathering data and communicating results; and i) construction and defense of a scientific viewpoint (the nature of science). VSOLS: IAE: IAE: 7 9, A2 A3, A3 A6 Measurement: Past, Present, and Future: 21; The ph Scale: ; Chapter Review: The ph Scale: ; Demonstration: 110, 175, 465, 469, 534, 538; Using Your Calculator: A1 A3 Solving Problems Using A Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method 8 9; Chemistry in Focus: 4, 6, 10, 19, 21, 21, 36, 62, 69, 71, 86, 89, 93, 97, 102, 124, 161, 193, 195, 213, 257, 281, 283, 298, 300, 305, 326, 334, 340, 346, 377, 403, 415, 426, 459, 463, 464, 468, 486, 539, 541, 560, 565, 567, 597, 608, 630, 641 3

5 Science Standard CH.2 The student will investigate and understand that the placement of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations of a) average atomic mass, mass number, and atomic number; Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Natural States of the Elements ; Ions: ; Compounds that Contain Ions: ; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Ions: ; Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: b) isotopes, half lives, and radioactive decay; IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: ; Radioactive Decay: ; Nuclear Transformation: ; Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life: ; Dating by Radioactivity: 559; Medical Applications of Radioactivity: c) characteristics of subatomic particles as to mass and charge; VSOLS: , IAE: The Structure of a Atom: 91 94; Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure: 94 95; Isotopes:95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Ions: ; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table:

6 d) families or groups; IAE: Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: ; Electronegativity: VSOLS: e) series and periods; IAE: Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: ; Electronegativity: f) trends including atomic radii, electronegativity, shielding effect, and ionization energy; g) electron configurations, valence electrons, and oxidation numbers; VSOLS: IAE: Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: ; Electronegativity: ; Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions: VSOLS: IAE: Ions: ; The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development: ; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: ; Oxidation States: VSOLS: 35 40,

7 h) chemical and physical properties; and IAE: Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes: 56 59; Mixtures and Pure Substances:61 63; Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Natural States of the Elements: ; Ions: ; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: ; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: i) historical and quantum models. IAE: Dalton s Atomic Theory: 88 89; The Structure of the Atom: 91 94; Introduction to the Periodic Table: ; Rutherford s Atom: ; The Energy Levels of Hydrogen: ; The Bohr Model of the Atom: ; The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom: ; The Hydrogen Orbitals: ; The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development: ; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: ; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: VSOLS: 22 33,

8 Science Standard CH.3 The student will investigate and understand how conservation of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and balanced equations. Key concepts include Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Dalton s Atomic Theory: 88 89; Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Balancing Chemical Equations: ; Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: ; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: ; Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases: ; Reactions of Metals With Nonmetals (Oxidation-Reduction): ; Ways to Classify Reactions: ; Other Ways to Classify Reactions: ; Formulas of Compounds: ; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: ; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: ; Information Given by Chemical Equations: ; Mole Mole Relationships: ; Lewis Structure: ; Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds: ; Molecular Structure: ; Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds: ; Structural Formulas and Isomerism: VSOLS: 3 6 7

9 a) nomenclature; IAE: Symbols for the Elements: 86 87; Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Ions ; Compounds that Contain Ions: ; Naming Compounds: 123; Naming Compounds That Contain a Metal and a Nonmetal(Types I and II): ; Naming Binary Compounds That Contain Only Nonmetals (Type III): ; Naming Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions: ; Naming Acids: ; Writing Formulas from Names: ; Naming Alkanes: ; Alkenes and Alkynes: ; Naming Aromatic Compounds: ; Alcohols: ; Naming Aldehydes and Ketones: b) balancing chemical equations; IAE: Chemical Equations: ; Balancing Chemical Equations: ; Information Given by Chemical Equations: ; Mole-Mole Relationships: ; Balancing Oxidation- Reduction Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method:

10 c) writing chemical formulas (molecular, structural, empirical, and Lewis diagrams); IAE: Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Writing Formulas from Names: ; Formulas of Compounds: ; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: ; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: ; Lewis Structure: ; Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds: ; Molecular Structure: ; Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model: ; Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds: ; Structural Formulas and Isomerism: ; Naming Alkanes: VSOLS: 3 6 d) bonding types (ionic, covalent); IAE: Ions: ; Types of Chemical Bonds: ; Electronegativity: ; Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments: ; Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions: ; Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds: VSOLS:

11 e) reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, exothermic and endothermic); and IAE: Predicting Whether A Reaction Will Occur: ; Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: ; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: ; Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases: ; Reactions of Metals With Nonmetals (Oxidation-Reduction): ; Ways to Classify Reaction: ; Other Ways to Classify Reactions: ; Neutralization Reactions: , Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: , Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Between Nonmetals: ; Nuclear Transformations: f) reaction rates and kinetics (activation energy, catalysis, degree of randomness). VSOLS: 10 21, IAE: Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates: ; Le Chatelier s Principle: VSOLS:

12 Science Standard Correlation By Page Numbers CH.4 The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a chemical reaction are based on molar relationships. Key concepts include IAE: The Mole: ; Molar Mass: ; Percent Composition of Compounds: ; Mole-Mole Relationships: ; Mass Calculations: ; Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant: ; Percent Yield: ; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: ; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: ; Volume and Mass: Avogadro's Law: ; The Ideal Gas Law: ; Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures: ; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: ; Solution Composition: Molarity: a) Avogadro's principle and molar volume; IAE: The Mole: ; Molar Mass: ; Percent Composition of Compounds: ; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: ; Gas Stoichiometry: b) stoichiometric relationships; IAE: Information Given by Chemical Equations: ; Mole-Mole Relationships: ; Mass Calculations: ; Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant: ; Percent Yield: ; Gas Stoichiometry: ; Stoichiometry of Solution Reactions: ; Neutralization Reactions: ; Solution Composition: Normality: c) partial pressure; IAE: Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures:

13 d) gas laws; IAE: Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: ; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: ; Volume and Mass: Avogadro s Law: ; The Ideal Gas Law: ; Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures: ; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383 e) solution concentrations; IAE: Solubility: ; Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: ; Solution Composition: Molarity: ; Dilution: ; Solution Composition: Normality: VSOLS: f) chemical equilibrium; and IAE: The Equilibrium Condition: ; Chemical Equilibrium: A Dynamic Condition: ; The Equilibrium Constant: An Introduction: ; Heterogenous Equilibria: ; Le Chatelier s Principle: ; Applications Involving the Equilibrium Constant: ; Solubility Equilibria:

14 g) acid/base theory: strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes; dissociation and ionization; ph and poh; and the titration process. IAE: Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: ; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: ; Reactions That form Water: Acids and Bases: ; Neutralization Reactions: ; Solution Composition: Normality: ; Acids and Bases: ; Acid Strength: ; Water as an Acid and a Base: ; The ph scale: ; Calculating the ph of Strong Acid Solutions: 474; Buffered Solutions: VSOLS:

15 Science Standard CH.5 The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles. Key concepts include Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Laws and Models: A Review: 382; Pressure: ; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: ; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: ; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: ; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; The Implications of Kinetic Molecular Theory: ; Water and Its Phase Changes: ; Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: ; Intermolecular Forces: ; Evaporation and Vapor Pressure: ; Le Chatelier s Principle: VSOLS: 76 78, , a) pressure, temperature, and volume; IAE: Pressure: ; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: ; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: ; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: ; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; The Implications of Kinetic Molecular Theory: ; Le Chatelier s Principle: VSOLS: b) vapor pressure; IAE: Dalton s Law of Partial Pressure: ; Evaporation and Vapor Pressure: VSOLS: 76 78,

16 c) phase changes; IAE: Water and Its Phase Changes: ; Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: ; Intermolecular Forces: VSOLS: , d) molar heats of fusion and vaporization; IAE: Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: VSOLS: , e) specific heat capacity; and IAE: Energy, Temperature, and Heat: 66 67; Calculating Energy Changes:

17 f) colligative properties. Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: IAE: Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: ; Solution Composition: Molarity: ; Dilution: VSOLS:

18 Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria Evidence 1. Safe use of materials and equipment is encouraged. 1. The laboratory experiments in Introductory Chemistry in the Laboratory have been safely tested and include complete safety guidelines for both teachers and students (pp. xv xxviii, 3, 14, 23, 32). In the Instructor s Annotated Edition there are safety warnings given for classroom demonstrations (IAE p. 608). 2. Materials emphasize the use of effective instructional practices and learning theories. Students are guided through different approaches such as the learning cycle. 2. The book takes an active-learning approach, guiding and developing students understanding of concepts and ideas. In-Class Discussion Questions provide an excellent opportunity for collaborative work at the end of each chapter (IAE p. 166). Examples, found throughout the book, offer a step-by-step approach to solving problems (IAE p ). Students are exposed to new material by working through the concepts before they are presented with mathematical formulas or overall strategies. Students are provided the opportunity to conduct scientific inquiry appropriate for their age, grade, and maturity. Concepts are introduced through concrete experiences. Students conduct scientific inquiry in all Laboratory Experiments. Icons mark the places in the text where laboratory experiments are relevant to chapter content (IAE pp. 41, 437). Teaching Support boxes provide suggestions, activities and in-class demonstrations to help teach concepts through concrete experiences (IAE pp , , ). 17

19 Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Students are required to use manipulative materials during investigations and activities. Multiple opportunities are provided for students to apply concepts. Learning activities offer opportunities for students to revise their prior knowledge and create new knowledge. Students are encouraged to pose questions and to identify problems, as well as propose multiple solutions and design and conduct tests of inference. Students collect and interpret data through a variety of technologies and draw conclusions based on that data. Teaching Support: Activity sections in the book use a variety of manipulatives in investigations and experiments (IAE p ). Students are provided with numerous opportunities to apply concepts in the Questions and Problems and Additional Problems sections (IAE p ). Opportunities for students to explore ideas and concepts, revise their prior knowledge and create new knowledge are found in Teaching Support: Activity sections (IAE p. 212). Laboratory Experiments offer opportunities to solidify materials learned in the text through observations and experimentation. Students collect and interpret data through many different technologies (graphing calculator, CBL, etc). 18

20 Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 3. Materials present content in an accurate, unbiased manner, and are based on sound science. Materials do not contain content errors (omissions of current content, out-of-date content, overgeneralizations, etc.). Materials do not contain production errors (misspelled words, word omissions, incorrect answers). Diverse groups (racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic), males and females, people with disabilities, and people of all ages are represented appropriately. The materials are free of non-scientific explanation. Evidence 3. McDougal Littell presents a text that is error and bias free. Diverse groups are represented in the photos and text (IAE pp. 22, 123, 153, 154, 246, 256, 459, 559, 620). Experiments have been tested for accuracy. 19

21 Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 4. Materials promote student assessment as an integral part of the instructional process. Assessment suggestions and scoring criteria for student performances on work such as lab practicals or tasks, concept maps, research projects, observation checklists, etc., are provided. Assessment items include multiple-choice, short answer, essay and open-ended questions with charts, graphs, and diagrams imbedded within the items. Evidence 4. In Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation there are a variety of assessment options that correlate precisely to the program objectives. Teaching Tips are found throughout the text to help guide and give assessment standards to teachers (IAE pp. 33, 43). Comprehensive Chapter Review sections provide multiplechoice, short answer, essay and open-ended questions for student practice and assessment (IAE pp , 73 79). Options include techniques for assessing students prior knowledge. Assessment items reflect the rigor and the intent of the standards. For example, they require students to use higher order thinking skills to apply, analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and make judgments or recommendations. To connect the student s prior knowledge to the content of the chapter, a general overview is given at the beginning of each chapter with defined objectives (IAE pp. 1, 14 15, 54 55). Cumulative Review sections provide questions from multiple chapters that require students to use higher order thinking skills (IAE pp. 80, 208, 276). 20

22 Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 5. Materials are presented in an organized, logical manner and are appropriate for the age, grade, and maturity of the students. Materials are organized appropriately within and among units of study. Format design includes titles, subheadings, and appropriate cross-referencing for ease of use. Writing style, length of sentences, and vocabulary are appropriate. Graphics and illustrations are appropriate. Level of abstraction is appropriate, and real life examples, including careers are provided. Sufficient applications are provided to promote depth of understanding. Evidence 5. The text has a systematic and organized format. Colored boxes distinguish important rules and steps from the rest of the text (IAE p. 90). Titles, subtitles and cross-references provide a logically formatted text. Materials are well-organized and easy to use. Following the Self-Check Exercises, cross-references to similar end-of-chapter problems are given providing additional practice for students (IAE p. 90). Key Terms are in bold type and are clearly defined for students and also referenced in the Index/Glossary (IAE p. 23). The writing style of the text is appropriate for high school students. Visual representations of chemical reactions, processes and other phenomena are illustrated in photos and drawings throughout the text (IAE pp. 67, 378). Chemistry in Focus boxes provide real life connections to current applications of chemistry (IAE pp. 10, 19, 21, 62). Additional Problems incorporate material from multiple sections of the text providing challenging problems for students (IAE pp ). 21