Chemistry, Ongoing Expectations

Transcription

1 Chemistry, Ongoing Expectations Big Ideas/Key Concepts: Understandings about scientific inquiry and the ability to conduct inquiry are essential for living in the 21 st century. Society benefits when engineers apply scientific discoveries to design materials and processes that develop into enabling technologies. Science applies mathematics to investigate questions, solve problems, and communicate findings. Ongoing Expectations Note: Do not teach a separate unit at year s beginning. Embed inquiry, tech/engineering, and math throughout all 4 quarters within content where appropriate. Honors Addendum Note for Teachers of Honors: Do not teach the Honors Addendum at the end of the quarter. Embed the Honors Addendum within the regular Scope & Sequence (see end of quarter). Embedded Inquiry SPI 3221.Inq.1 Select a description or scenario that reevaluates and/or extends a scientific finding. SPI 3221.Inq.2 Analyze the components of a properly designed scientific investigation. SPI 3221.Inq.3 Determine appropriate tools to gather precise and accurate data. SPI 3221.Inq.4 Evaluate the accuracy and precision of data. SPI 3221.Inq.5 Defend a conclusion based on scientific evidence. SPI 3221.Inq.6 Determine why a conclusion is free of bias. SPI 3221.Inq.7 Compare conclusions that offer different, but acceptable explanations for the same set of experimental data. Embedded Technology & Engineering SPI 3221.T/E.1 Distinguish among tools and procedures best suited to conduct a specified scientific inquiry.

2 SPI 3221.T/E.2 Evaluate a protocol to determine the degree to which an engineering design process was successfully applied. SPI 3221.T/E.3 Evaluate the overall benefit to cost ratio of a new technology. SPI 3221.T/E.4 Use design principles to determine if a new technology will improve the quality of life for an intended audience. Embedded Mathematics SPI 3221.Math.1 Use real numbers to represent real-world applications (e.g., slope, rate of change, probability, and proportionality) SPI 3221.Math.2 Perform operations on algebraic expressions and informally justify the selected procedures. SPI 3221.Math.3 Interpret graphs that depict real-world phenomena. SPI 3221.Math.4 Apply measurement unit relationships including Avogadro s number, molarity, molality, volume, and mass to balance chemical equations. SPI 3221.Math.5 Use concepts of mass, length, area, and volume to estimate and solve real-world problems Chemistry, Quarter 1 Big Ideas/Key Concepts: The properties of matter determine how it interacts with energy. Properties of Matter: Standards SPI Distinguish among elements, compounds, solutions, colloids, and suspensions. SPI 3221.T/E.1 Distinguish among tools and procedures best suited Student Friendly I Can Statements Properties of Matter: I can distinguish among elements, compounds and the following mixtures: solutions, colloids and suspensions. I can identify a mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous, i.e.: solutions are examples of homogeneous mixtures; suspensions are examples of heterogeneous mixtures; colloids can be considered either homogeneous or heterogeneous. I can correctly use and read tools while measuring properties of

3 to conduct a specified scientific inquiry. SPI 3221.Inq.3 Determine appropriate tools to gather precise and accurate data. SPI Identify properties of matter (e.g., physical: density, boiling point, melting point, or chemical: ability to rust or tarnish, be sour) or changes in matter (e.g., physical: phase change, shape, color, or chemical: formation of a gas or precipitate). Naming and Formulas: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H 2O, CO 2, NH 3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr 2, Al(NO 3) 3), percent composition, and molar masses. matter, such as: a thermometer, balance, metric ruler, graduated cylinder, pipette and burette. I can evaluate the accuracy and precision of data. I can define, identify and analyze physical and chemical properties to determine the identity of a substance. I can analyze the characteristics of ionic and molecular (covalent) compounds. I can compare and contrast the attractive forces within compounds and molecules, and their effect on chemical and physical properties. I can model representations of bonds, ionic and molecular (covalent), to show that atoms combine by transferring or sharing electrons. I can name a binary ionic compound given its formula. I can employ a table of polyvalent cations and polyatomic ions to name and write the chemical formula of ionic compounds, such as: + NH4 Ammonium - NO3 Nitrate - NO2 Nitrite - HCO3 Hydrogen Carbonate - ClO4 Perchlorate - ClO3 Chlorate - ClO2 Chlorite ClO - Hypochlorite I can name a molecular (covalent) compound given its formula and write the formula given its name. SPI Classify substances as acids or bases based on their formulas and how they react with litmus and phenolphthalein. I can identify acids and bases based on formulas. I can name a binary acid given its formula and write the formula given its name.

4 Honors Addenda Note for Teachers of Honors: Do not teach the Honors Addendum at the end of the quarter. Embed the Honors Addendum within the regular Scope & Sequence. Properties of Matter: SPI Identify properties of matter (e.g., physical: density, boiling point, melting point, or chemical: ability to rust or tarnish, be sour) or changes in matter (e.g., physical: phase change, shape, color, or chemical: formation of a gas or precipitate). Naming & Formulas: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H 2O, CO 2, NH 3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr 2, Al(NO 3) 3), percent composition, and molar masses. Properties of Matter: I can classify elements as metal, non-metal, or metalloid. I can research and present the characteristics of various types of matter. I can analyze the properties of a substance to determine its identity. Naming & Formulas: I can compare and contrast the properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids. I can compare and contrast the properties of ionic compounds and covalent compounds. I can predict the charge of any representative element s ion. I can determine the name of an ionic compound without the use of a chart of polyatomic or polyvalent ions.

5 Chemistry, Quarter 2 Big Ideas/Key Concepts: Interactions between matter generate substances with new physical and chemical properties. Standards Chemical Quantities: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H 2O, CO 2, NH 3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr 2, Al(NO 3) 3), percent composition, and molar masses. SPI Convert among the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, number of particles, molar volume at STP. Chemical Reactions: SPI Determine the reactants, products, and types of different chemical reactions: composition, decomposition, double replacement, single replacement, combustion. Student Friendly I Can Statements Interactions of Matter Chemical Quantities: I can calculate the percent composition of elements in a compound. I can calculate the empirical formula of a compound. I can determine the molecular formula of a compound. I can convert between the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, and number of particles. I can select appropriate units, and scales for problem situations involving proportional reasoning and dimensional analysis. Chemical Reactions: I can identify the reactants and products of a chemical reaction. SPI Predict the products of a chemical reaction (e.g., composition and decomposition of binary compounds). I can use: the reactants of a chemical reaction, the periodic table patterns, an activity series (for single replacement), or a set of solubility rules (for double replacement) to predict the products of synthesis, decomposition, single displacement/replacement, double displacement/replacement, combustion, acid/base and oxidation-reduction reactions. I can determine oxidation states and identify substances gaining and losing electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.

6 Stoichiometry: SPI Identify and solve stoichiometry problems which interconvert volume of gases at STP, moles, and mass. SPI Balance a chemical equation to determine molar ratios. SPI 3221.Math.4 Apply measurement unit relationships including Avogadro s number, molarity, molality, volume and mass to balance chemical equations. Stoichiometry: I can explain and/or demonstrate how the Law of Conservation of Mass relates to stoichiometry. I can identify and solve different types of stoichiometry problems (mass to moles, mass to mass, mass to particles, etc.) for a given chemical reaction. I can use a chemical equation to determine the molar ratios. I can apply measurement unit relationships including Avogadro s Number, molarity, molality, volume and mass to balance chemical equations. I can translate data into correct units and dimension using conversion factors and scientific notation. Honors Addenda Note for Teachers of Honors: Do not teach the Honors Addendum at the end of the quarter. Embed the Honors Addendum within the regular Scope & Sequence. Chemical Quantities: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H2O, CO2, NH3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr2, Al(NO3)3), percent composition, and molar masses. SPI Convert among the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, number of particles, molar volume at STP. I can identify the limiting and excess reactants, calculate the amount of expected product in an experiment, and calculate percent yield. Chemical Quantities: I can determine the formula of a hydrate. I can determine the number of atoms of a specific element in a compound given the mass of the compound. I can solve combustion analysis problems. I can solve mole conversions involving density.

7 Chemical Reactions: SPI Predict the products of a chemical reaction (e.g., composition and decomposition of binary compounds). Chemical Reactions: I can predict the products of a double replacement reaction without the use of a chart of solubility rules. I can predict the products of simple synthesis reactions. I can predict the products of simple decomposition reactions. I can write and balance net ionic equations. Stoichiometry: SPI Identify and solve stoichiometry problems which interconvert volume of gases at STP, moles, and mass. Stoichiometry: I can solve stoichiometry problems involving volume and molarity. I can determine the limiting reactant and calculate the amount of product that can be produced. I can compute the amount of mass of excess reactant that remains at the completion of the reaction. I can compute the solution to stoichiometry problems that use density. I can compute the solution to stoichiometry problems that incorporate metric conversions.

8 Chemistry, Quarter 3 Standards Atomic Structure SPI Compare and contrast the major models of the atom (i.e., Bohr, and the quantum mechanical model). Student Friendly I Can Statements Atomic Structure I can model the atom, including its subatomic particles, charge and relative mass. I can compare and contrast the experiments, discoveries, and theories of Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Rutherford. I can draw and explain the Bohr Model of the first 18 elements. I can interpret a Bohr model of an electron moving between its ground and excited states in terms of the absorption or emission energy. I can compare and contrast the Bohr and Quantum mechanical electron- cloud models of the atom. I can evaluate and communicate scientific information about how and why models of the atomic structure have changed over time. SPI Describe radioactivity through a balanced nuclear equation and through an analysis of the half-life concept. I can write the nuclear equation involving alpha or beta particles based on the mass number of the parent isotope and complete symbols for alpha or beta emissions. I can compare alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. I can model radioactive decay, and use the model to explain the concept of half-life and its use in determining the age of materials. I can determine the half-life of an isotope by examining a graph or with an appropriate equation. I can determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a particular isotope of an element.

9 Engineering Design SPI 3221.T/E.2 Evaluate a protocol to determine the degree to which an engineering design process was successfully applied. SPI 3221.T/E.3 Evaluate the overall benefit to cost ratio of a new technology. SPI 3221.T/E.4 Use design principles to determine if a new technology will improve the quality of life for an intended audience. Atomic Structure SPI Represent an electron s location in the quantum mechanical model of an atom in terms of the shape of electron clouds (s and p orbitals in particular), relative energies of orbitals, and the number of electrons possible in the s, p, d and f orbitals. Engineering Design I can evaluate a protocol to determine the degree to which an engineering design process was successfully applied. I can evaluate the overall benefit to cost ratio of a new technology. I can use design principles to determine if a new technology will improve the quality of life for an intended audience. Atomic Structure I can describe each atomic orbital (s,p,d,f) in terms of shape, relative energy and number of possible electrons. I can draw and interpret orbital notation using electron configuration. I can write the electron configuration of an element. Periodicity: SPI Interpret the periodic table to describe an element s atomic makeup. SPI Describe the trends found in the periodic table with respect to atomic size, ionization energy, or electronegativity. SPI 3221.Inq.1 Select a description or scenario that reevaluates and/or extends a scientific finding. Periodicity: I can use the periodic table to determine and predict the relative properties of elements (physical and chemical properties, number of subatomic particles, isotopes, ions, ionization energy, atomic radius, ionic radius, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity) based on periodicity and patterns of valence electrons. I can sequence atoms from main group elements based on their atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity. I can draw a diagram to explain the formation of anions and cations. I can use the periodic table to identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.

10 SPI Determine the Lewis electron dot structure or number of valence electrons for an atom of any main-group element from its atomic number or position in the periodic table. Chemical Bonding: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H 2O, CO 2, NH 3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr 2, Al(NO 3) 3), percent composition, and molar masses. I can draw the electron dot diagram (Lewis dot structure) of an atom. Chemical Bonding: I can define and differentiate between ionic, metallic and covalent bonding. I can investigate the characteristics of ionic, metallic, and covalent solids by relating bonding properties to structure. I can use electronegativity differences to determine whether the bond between two atoms is covalent or ionic. I can sketch valid Lewis structures for simple molecules. I can apply VSEPR theory to predict the shape of simple molecules I can determine the polarity of a simple molecule. Honors Addenda Note for Teachers of Honors: Do not teach the Honors Addendum at the end of the quarter. Embed the Honors Addendum within the regular Scope & Sequence. Atomic Structure SPI Compare and contrast the major models of the atom (i.e., Bohr, and the quantum mechanical model). I can predict which solute will dissolve in a particular solvent based on polarity Atomic Structure I can summarize and compare the contributions to atomic models by Milliken, Moseley, Roentgen, Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie. I can sketch and compare models of the atom that were proposed by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, as well as the quantum mechanical model. SPI Describe the trends found in the periodic table with respect to atomic size, ionization energy, or electronegativity. I can summarize and evaluate the benefits and hazards of nuclear energy. I can write informative text, explaining the contributions to

11 quantum theory by DeBroglie, Heisenberg, and Schrodinger. I can summarize and apply Aufbau s principle to electron arrangement. I can compare and contrast electron arrangement with Pauli s exclusion principle and Hund s rule. I can write and explain the exceptional electron configurations of some elements. I can write abbreviated electron configurations. I can research and discuss the contributions of Mendeleev and Moseley. I can employ electron arrangement to explain the patterns of energy increases associated with multiple ionizations. I can relate and explain effective nuclear charge and electron shielding to periodic trends. Chemical Bonding: SPI Analyze ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their formation (electron transfer versus sharing), names, chemical formulas (e.g., molecular: H 2O, CO 2, NH 3; empirical: NaCl, CaBr 2, Al(NO 3) 3), percent composition, and molar masses. I can relate and explain Coulomb s law to trends in ionization energy. Chemical Bonding: I can research and discuss the relationship of intermolecular forces to the melting point and boiling point of substances. I can relate and explain expanded octets and electron deficient molecules in terms of Hybridization theory. I can sketch and label bond angles in structural formulas, and explain the differences in sigma and pi bonds. I can research and discuss molecular resonance structures. I can apply hybridization theory to the geometry of carbon molecules. I can apply an electronegativity chart and molecular structure to determine the polarity of molecules.

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13 Chemistry, Quarter 4 Big Ideas/Key Concepts: The properties of matter determine how it interacts with energy. Standards States of Matter: SPI Compare and contrast heat and temperature changes (endothermic/exothermic) in chemical (e.g., combustion) or physical (e.g., phase transformations) processes. Student Friendly I Can Statements Matter and Energy States of Matter: I can determine heat and temperature changes in chemical and physical processes. I can model energy transfer during an endothermic or exothermic chemical reaction, based on the bond energy difference between bonds broken and bonds formed. I can analyze energy changes involved in calorimetry by using the law of conservation of energy as it applies to temperature, heat and phase changes (including the use of q=mc T to determine the mass or the change in temperature of an object). SPI 3221.Math.2 Perform operations on algebraic expressions and informally justify the selected procedures. SPI 3221.Math.3 Interpret graphs that depict real-world phenomena. SPI Investigate similarities and differences among solids, liquids and gases in terms of energy and particle spacing. I can perform calculations on heat of solvation, heat of reaction, heat of formation, and heat of phase change. I can interpret a phase diagram. I can model and explain the similarities and differences between solids, liquids, and gases in terms of energy and particle spacing. I can convert between common pressure units, C and Kelvin, and state conditions at STP. Gas Laws: SPI Predict how changes in volume, temperature, and pressure affect the behavior of a gas. Gas Laws: I can use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain the behavior of gases. I can relate the proportionalities of pressure, temperature and volume of a constant amount of gas.

14 I can solve gas law problems using Boyle s law, Charles law, Gay- Lussac s law, Avogadro s principle and the Ideal Gas Law. I can plan, conduct, and interpret results of experiments and graphs that explore relationships of pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas. SPI 3221.Inq.2 Analyze the components of a properly designed scientific investigation. SPI 3221.Inq.3 Determine appropriate tools to gather precise and accurate data. SPI 3221.Inq.4 Evaluate the accuracy and precision of data. SPI 3221.Inq.5 Defend a conclusion based on scientific evidence. SPI 3221.Inq.6 Determine why a conclusion is free of bias. SPI 3221.Inq.7 Compare conclusions that offer different, but acceptable explanations for the same set of experimental data. SPI Convert among the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, number of particles, molar volume at STP. I can analyze the components of a properly designed scientific investigation. I can determine appropriate tools to gather precise and accurate data. I can evaluate the accuracy and precision of data. I can defend a conclusion based on scientific evidence. I can determine why a conclusion is free of bias. I can compare conclusions that offer different, but acceptable explanations for the same set of experimental data. I can convert between the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, number of particles and volume of a gas at STP. SPI 3221.Math.4 Apply measurement unit relationships including Avogadro s number, molarity, molality, volume, and mass to balance chemical equations.

15 SPI Identify and solve stoichiometry problems which interconvert volume of gases at STP, moles, and mass. Solutions: SPI Distinguish among elements, compounds, solutions, colloids and suspensions. I can calculate molar volume stoichiometric problems at STP Solutions: I can review the differences and similarities between elements, compounds, and mixtures, such as: solutions, colloids and suspensions. SPI Identify properties of a solution: solute and solvent in a solid, liquid or gaseous solution; procedure to make or determine the concentration of a solution in units of ppm, ppb, molarity, percent composition, factors that affect the rate of solution. SPI Classify a solution as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on its composition and temperature and a solubility graph. I can create and analyze solutions to identify solutes and solvents, quantitatively analyzing concentrations. I can model the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents, and predict how intermolecular forces affect solubility. I can describe factors affecting the rate of solvation including agitation, surface area, and temperature, and construct explanations based on collision theory. I can solve problems involving molarity, molality, percent composition, ppm, and ppb. I can describe how to prepare a dilution from a solution of known molarity. I can determine the colligative properties of a solution based on the molality and freezing point or boiling points of the solvent. SPI 3221.Math.3 Interpret graphs that depict real-world phenomena. Acids and Bases: SPI Classify substances as acids or bases based on their formulas and how they react with litmus and phenolphthalein. I can use the composition and temperature of a solution, and read a solubility graph to determine if a solution is saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated Acids and Bases: I can use litmus paper and phenolphthalein to identify acids and bases and to distinguish between weak and strong acids. I can perform a simple experiment that determines the acidity or

16 alkalinity of a substance based on how it reacts with litmus, ph paper and/or phenolphthalein. I can identify an answerable question and formulate a hypothesis to guide a scientific investigation. Honors Addenda Note for Teachers of Honors: Do not teach the Honors Addendum at the end of the quarter. Embed the Honors Addendum within the regular Scope & Sequence. States of Matter: SPI Compare and contrast heat and temperature changes (endothermic/exothermic) in chemical (e.g., combustion) or physical (e.g., phase transformations) processes. I can use the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry models to recognize, define and predict ph changes. States of Matter: I can explain and relate how intermolecular forces contribute to states of matter at room temperature. I can compare and contrast the processes of evaporation, vaporization and boiling. I can explain what occurs in a dynamic equilibrium. Gas Laws: SPI Predict how changes in volume, temperature, and pressure affect the behavior of a gas. Gas Laws: I can solve combined gas law problems. I can apply and solve problems using Dalton s law of partial pressures. I can solve Ideal gas equation problems solving for density or molecular mass. I can explain and solve problems using Graham s law of diffusion. SPI Convert among the following quantities of a substance: mass, number of moles, number of particles, molar volume at STP. SPI Identify and solve stoichiometry problems which interconvert volume of gases at STP, moles, and mass. Solutions: I can solve complex molar gas volume conversions involving density and metric conversions. I can solve complex molar gas volume stoichiometry problems involving density and metric conversions. I can solve stoichiometry problems involving molarity and perform titration calculations. Solutions:

17 SPI Classify a solution as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on its composition and temperature and a solubility graph. Acids and Bases: SPI Classify substances as acids or bases based on their formulas and how they react with litmus and phenolphthalein. I can employ a solubility graph to determine how much of a solute will precipitate out of a solution when the temperature is lowered. Acids and Bases: I can apply and explain acid and bases in terms of Bronsted Lowry theory of acids. I can employ the equilibrium constant for water (K w) to determine the concentration of hydronium or hydroxide ions in a solution. I can calculate ph and poh. I can calculate the molar concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions using the ph or poh.