Branches of Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Physical Chemistry Biochemistry. Theoretical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry.

Transcription

1 Branches of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Biochemistry Theoretical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Chemistry

2 Chemistry I / Chemistry IH Physical Science Review Read Chapter 1 pages 3-11 (top) and define the following terms: 1. Chemistry the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.. 2. Mass- a measure of the amount of matter. 3. Volume the amount of space a substance occupies. 4. Extensive properties properties that depend on the amount of matter that is present. 5. Intensive properties- properties that do not depend on the amount of matter that is present. 6. Physical properties characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 7. Chemical properties - characteristics that can not be observed without changing the identity of the substance. (relates to a substance s ability to undergo a change that transforms it into different substances.) 8. Physical change a change in a substance that does not involve changing the identity of the substance. 9. Chemical change - a change in a substance which changes the identity of the substance. 10. Solid definite volume, definite shape. 11. Liquid- definite volume, indefinite shape. 12. Gas indefinite shape, indefinite volume 13. Plasma high temperature ionized matter. 14. Change of state physical change of a substance from one state to another.

3 Classify These changes as: Chemical or Physical 1. Cutting down a tree P 2. Burning down a tree C 3. Evaporating water P 4. Silver tarnishing C 5. Milk turning sour C 6. Water turns to ice crystals P 7. Iron rusting C 8. Nitroglycerine detonating C 9. Dry ice subliming P 10. Hydrogen peroxide decomposing C Give two examples of practical applications of each of the following branches of chemistry. 1. Analytical Chemistry 2. Physical Chemistry 3. Organic Chemistry 4. Inorganic Chemistry 5. Biochemistry 6. Theoretical Chemistry

4 Indications of Chemical Reaction Chemical Reaction: Observations that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred: a. b. The Flaming Bubble Demonstration 1. What are some chemical and physical properties of the reactants in the reaction? 2. What are some chemical and physical properties of the products in the reaction? 3. What evidence did you observe that a chemical reaction has occurred? 4. Write a word equation for the reaction you observed.

5 Indications of Chemical Reaction

6 Chemical Reaction A process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.

7 In a Chemical reaction, the reactants are changed into products. Products and reactants have different chemical and physical properties. Sometimes the chemical and physical properties in product and reactant are difficult to observe

8 Observations that Indicate a Chemical Reaction

9 1. Formation of a Precipitate Precipitate: A solid that settles out of a solution

10 2. Formation of a gas (Effervescence)

11 3. Color Change

12 4. Energy Changes Heat Light Sound

13 2 Types of Energy Change Endothermic Heat into system Gets Cold

14 Exothermic Heat out of system Gets Hot!

15 The End

16 Classification of Matter Class Objectives 8, 9, 10 Matter has mass and volume Pure Substance Mixture Element a unique substance and the smallest division of matter in chemistry. Compound More than one element Unable to be separated without changing the identity of the substance. (Chemical change only) Heterogeneous Mixture Each type of matter retains its own chemical and physical properties. Has visible interfaces. Homogeneous Mixture Sample is uniform in composition. Each part of sample has the same chemical and physical properties. No interfaces.

17 Chemistry Worksheet: Matter #1 1. A mixture (is/is not) a chemical combining of substances. 2. In a compound the (atoms/molecules) are (chemically/physically) combined so that the elements that make up the compound (retain/lose) their identities and (do/do not) take on a new set of properties. 3. The smallest identifiable unit of a compound is a(n), which is made up of which are chemically bonded. 4. True or False: A mixture is always made up of a combination of elements. 5. In a mixture, the substances (lose/retain) their identities. 6. In a mixture the substances involved (can/cannot) be separated by a simple physical process. In a compound the elements involved (can/cannot) be separated by a simple physical process because the elements are (physically combined/chemically bonded). 7. True or False: An element can be broken down into a simpler substance. 8. The smallest identifiable unit of an element is a(n). 9. From the following list of substances, circle the ones that are elements: silver carbon dioxide wood alcohol chromium water hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen gold sugar salt air sulfur magnesium nickel 10. Explain how to separate the sugar and water in a solution of sugar and water. 11. How would you separate a mixture of alcohol and water? 12. How would you separate sand and water? Laliberte, 7/17/08

18 13. Classify the following as pure substances or as mixtures: air gasoline grain alcohol water sugar gold mercury oxygen salt water 14. Classify the following as heterogeneous or as homogeneous: sand & salt mixture hydrogen iron salt water unfiltered air iron with rust pure water an apple nitric acid tossed salad granite wood 15. Classify the following as an element, a compound, a solution, or a heterogeneous mixture: aluminum carbon dioxide sugar and water sulfuric acid an orange a pencil nitrogen gasoline raisin bread water sulfur mercury water & instant coffee carbon particles & sugar air grain alcohol Laliberte, 7/17/08

19 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Classify each of the pictures below by placing the correct label in the blanks below: A= Element D= Mixture of compounds B= Compound E= Mixture of elements and compounds C= Mixture of elements Each circle represents an atom and each different color represents a different kind of atom. If two atoms are touching then they are bonded together. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

20 Physical and Chemical Changes Name: Date: Hour: Place a check in the appropriate column: Change Physical Chemical Change Change Salt dissolves in water. Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas. A piece of copper is cut in half. A sugar cube is ground up. Water is heated and changed to steam. Iron rusts. Ethyl alcohol evaporates. Ice melts. Milk sours (goes bad). Sugar dissolves in water. Sodium and potassium react violently with water. Pancakes cook on a griddle. Grass grows on a lawn. A tire is inflated with air. Food is digested in the stomach. Water is absorbed by a paper towel. Ethyl alcohol boils at 79 C. Paper burns. Water freezes at 0 C. Fireworks explode. Alka-Seltzer gives off carbon dioxide when added to water. Clouds form in the sky.

21 NAME Chemistry I Worksheet Classification of Matter and Changes INSTRUCTIONS: Write E in the blank if the material is heterogeneous or O if it is homogeneous. 1. Wood 6. Dirt 2. Freshly-brewed black coffee 7. Sausage-and-mushroom pizza 3. Water 8. Air 4. Lucky Charms 9. Milk 5. Salt 10. Gold INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following as an element [E], a compound [C], or a mixture [M]. 11. Gold 16. Air 12. Water 17. Carbon dioxide 13. Seawater 18. Silver 14. Sugar 19. Ice 15. A chocolate sundae 20. A Big Mac INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following properties of matter as physical [P] or chemical [C]. 21. Color 26. Reacts violently with chlorine 22. Density 27. Good conductor of heat 23. Burns easily (flammable) 28. Dissolves readily in water 24. Not affected by acids 29. Melts at 145 C 25. Boils at 450 C 30. Malleable INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following changes in matter as physical [P] or chemical [C]. 31. Grinding chalk into powder 36. Burning gasoline 32. Dissolving salt in water 37. Hammering gold into foil 33. Dissolving zinc in acid 38. Melting ice 34. Tearing a piece of paper 39. Digesting food 35. Stretching copper into wire 40. Making hydrogen from water INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following as an intensive property [I] or an extensive property [E]. 41. Mass 46. Color 42. Density 47. Volume 43. Melting point 48. Length

22 Element Assignment Objectives 11,12,13,15 Using only information from your partner, complete the following chart by filling in the element name and type. Red is A and Blue is B Symbol Name Type Al Aluminum Metal Sb Antimony Metalloid As Arsenic Metalloid Ba Barium Metal Bi Bismuth Metal Br Bromine Nonmetal Ca Calcium Metal C Carbon Nonmetal Cl Chlorine Nonmetal Cr Chromium Metal Co Cobalt Metal Cu Copper Metal F Fluorine Nonmetal Au Gold Metal H Hydrogen Nonmetal I Iodine Nonmetal Fe Iron Metal Pb Lead Metal Mg Magnesium Metal Mn Manganese Metal Hg Mercury Metal Ni Nickel Metal N Nitrogen Nonmetal O Oxygen Nonmetal Xe Xenon Noble Gas Cs Cesium Metal

23 Symbol Name Type P Phosphorus Nonmetal Pt Platinum Metal K Potassium Metal Si Silicon Metalloid Ag Silver Metal Na Sodium Metal Sr Strontium Metal S Sulfur Nonmetal Se Selenium Nonmetal Sn Tin Metal Ti Titanium Metal W Tungsten Metal Zn Zinc Metal Ne Neon Noble Gas Fr Francium Metal Li Lithium Metal Be Beryllium Metal B Boron Metalloid He Helium Noble Gas Ge Germanium Metalloid Rn Radon Noble Gas Kr Krypton Noble Gas Te Tellurium Metalloid Ar Argon Noble gas Ra Radium Metal

24 Chemistry 1 Periodic Table Activity - Objectives 14,15,16 1. Color all of the metals that you identified one color. 2. Color all of the nonmetals that you identified another color. 3. Pick a different color and color all of the metalloids that color. 4. Color all of the Noble Gases that you identified a different color. 5. Where are the metals located on the periodic table? On the left side of the PT 6. Where are the nonmetals located on the periodic table? On the right side of the PT 7. Where are the metalloids located on the periodic table? (Hint: there are 6 of them) Along the staircase 8. Draw a single line between the metals and the nonmetals. 8. Where are the Noble Gases located on the periodic table? Very left column Group 8A

25 Periodic Table of the Elements H Li Na Be 12 Mg K Ca Rb Sr Cs Ba La Fr (223) Ra (226) 21 Sc Y Ac (227) 22 Ti Zr Hf Rf (261) 23 V Nb Ta Db (262) 24 Cr Mo Mn 43 Tc 74 W Re Sg (263) (98) 107 Bh 26 Fe Ru Os Hs 27 Co Rh Ir Mt 28 Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) 30 Zn Cd Hg (277) H He B C N O F Ne Al Ga In Tl Si Ge Sn Pb (289) (287) P As Sb Bi S Se Te Po (209) 116 (289) Cl Br Ar 36 Kr 53 I At (210) Xe Rn (222) 118 (293) 58 Ce Th Pr Pa Nd U Pm (145) 93 Np (237) 62 Sm Pu (244) 63 Eu Am (243) 64 Gd Cm (247) 65 Tb Bk (247) 66 Dy Cf (251) 67 Ho Es (252) 68 Er Fm (257) 69 Tm Md (258) 70 Yb No (259) 71 Lu Lr (262) S.E. Van Bramer, 7/22/ IUPAC masses and Approved Names from masses for from C&EN, March 13, 1995, P from from C&EN July 19, and 118 from

26 The Chemical Elements - Objectives 14,15,16,17,18 Periodic Table: Organizes elements into groups or families that have similar properties. Groups/Families: Columns: IA IIA then IIIB-VIIIB, then IB-IIB, then IIIA VIIIA. Numbers in this system mean something related to how the element bonds. We focus on the A groups. These are called the Representative Elements. The B groups are called transition elements. Periods: Rows, 1-7. Look at what happens after Ba. Inner-transition elements are removed from the body of the table, but they are still in period 6 and 7. This just makes it easier to fit the whole table on a piece of paper. Family Names Commit these to memory! This is part of the language of Chemistry! IA Alkali Metal Family IIA Alkaline Earth Metal Family IIIA B or Al Family IVA C Family VA N Family VIA Chalkogens: means Chalk-former. Oxides and sulfides are chalky. VIIA Halogens : means salt-former (Cl in NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 CaF 2 etc.) VIIIA Noble Gases * called noble because they don t interact (nonreactive).

27 4 General Classes of Elements I. Metals A. Characteristics 1. Most are solid at room temperature. (Hg is only exception liquid) 2. High tensile strength 3. Lustrous (shiny) 4. Good thermal and electrical conductivity 5. Malleable and Ductile 6. Form highly colored compounds. B. Examples: Mg, Al, Sn, Pb, Cu, Fe etc. II. Nonmetals A. Characteristics 1. Many are gases at room temperature. A few are solids (closest to the metals) The only liquid is Br. 2. Solids are brittle (C- charcoal) 3. Poor conductors of heat and electricity good insulators. B. Examples: H (only nonmetal on the left side) F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, etc. III. Metalloids A. Characteristics 1. Some properties of metals, some properties of nonmetals. (Properties in between metals and nonmetals.) 2. Semi-conductors used in the computer industry. B. Examples: Memorize these: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te

28 IV. Noble Gases Group VIIIA A. Characteristics 1.Nonreactive B. Examples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn States of Matter: all gases

29 Periodic Table worksheet Name KEY 1. Define a family. a group (column) of elements that have similar properties 2. What is a period? a row on the periodic table 3. What is the symbol for the following elements. a. Magnesium Mg b. Potassium K c. Sodium Na d. Copper Cu e. Tin Sn f. Xenon Xe g. Manganese Mn h. Silver Ag 4. What are the names of the following elements? (Correct spelling please!) a. Cl Chlorine b. F Fluorine c. Au Gold d. Sr Strontium e. Fe Iron f. Pb Lead f. Co Cobalt g. B Boron h. K Potassium i. Hg Mercury 5. In what period are the following elements? a. He 1 b. Ge 4 c. Rb 5 d. I 5 6. In what group are the following elements? a. Sulfur Chalkagen (6A) b. Ca _Alkaline Earth Metal (2A)_ c. Iodine Halogen (7A)_ d. Fe Group 8 or (8B) 7. Name an element with the following characteristics. a. Halogen Fluorine b. Nonmetal Carbon c. Alkali metal Potassium d. metalloid Silicon e. Lanthanide series _Europium f. Alkaline Earth metal Magnesium g. Transition metal Platinum h. Nobel gas Xenon

30 Element Crossword Across Down 3 Na 1 Si 5 C 2 Ar 7 N 3 S 8 B 4 H 9 Al 6 P 14 Be 10 Li 15 He 11 Mg 16 F 12 O 17 Ne 13 Cl Todd Helmenstine