Teacher: Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan Ali. Chapter 6 states of matter 1. Use the pictures in the table to complete boxes.

Transcription

1 END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION FIRST SEMESTER REVISION BOOKLET Grade: 9 Subject: Science AY Teacher: Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan Ali Chapter 6 states of matter. Use the pictures in the table to complete boxes. State solid liquid gas Particle Speed/movement Attractive Forces Between Particles. Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.. Opposite charges repel each other and create attractive forces between two particles.. As particles increase speed, attractive forces get stronger. 3. As particle force weakens, particle space increases. 4. The attractive forces in a solid are strong. 5. Strong forces between particles slow particle movement in a liquid with high surface tension. 6. Cohesion is the attractive force between similar molecules. 7. Gas has the weakest attractive forces between particles.

2 3. Directions: In the boxes below, make sketches of the particles of solids, liquids, and gases. Solid Liquid Gas 4. Directions: Each of the sentences below is false. Make the sentence true by replacing the underlined word(s) with a term from the list below. Write your changes on the lines provided. condensation deposition evaporation kinetic energy sublimation temperature thermal energy vaporization. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the process of evaporation.. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is measured by the substance s condensation. 3. It rained yesterday; however, due to vaporization, the puddles are all gone today. 4. The gaseous state of a given substance has greater deposition than the liquid or solid states because the particles of the substance are moving more in the gaseous state than in the other states. 5. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the process of deposition. 6. Kinetic energy is different from temperature because it includes the total potential energy and kinetic energy of an object. 7. Temperature results in matter changing from a gas directly to a solid, without going through the liquid state. 8. Evaporation and boiling result in sublimation of a liquid.

3 5. Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly describes what happens during each change of state. Each term is used only once. condensation deposition freezing melting sublimation vaporization. solid to liquid. liquid to solid 3. liquid to gas 4. gas to liquid 5. solid to gas 6. gas to solid. What are the two types of vaporization? Short Questions. When matter changes state, what two things are always conserved? 3. How can you change an object s state of matter? 3

4 4. Directions: Define each term in the space provided, and then provide three examples for each. Term Definition Three Examples. solid. liquid 3. gas 4. plasma 5. vapor 4

5 5. Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Use the diagram to answer each question. condensation freezing melting vaporization. If thermal energy is added to a liquid, the following change occurs:. If thermal energy is added to a solid, the following change occurs: 3. If thermal energy is removed from a liquid, the following change occurs:. 4. If thermal energy is removed from a gas, the following change occurs: Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.. Evaporation and boiling are two kinds of. A. sublimation. B. vaporization. C. condensation. D. All the above. Deposition is a change from a. A. gas to a solid. 5

6 B. solid to a gas. C. liquid to a gas. D. a and c 3. Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is. A. boiling. B. evaporation. C. sublimation. D. condensation. 4. Deposition could be best described as the opposite of. A. evaporation. B. sublimation. C. vaporization. D. condensation. 5. cannot be created or destroyed. A. Heat B. Metal C. Energy D. none of the above 6. Coolant in a refrigerator moves energy from one place to another. A. heat B. electric C. thermal D. a and c 7. Computers and cell phones get hot when you use them because some energy is always converted into energy in an electronic device. A. heat; electric B. thermal; heat C. electric; thermal D. none of the above 6

7 8. A coil is made up of two types of metal joined together and bent into a coil. A. bimetallic B. thermostat C. heat engine D. steam engine 9. To something is to force it into a smaller space. A. cool B. heat C. compress D. no effect 0. Internal combustion engines use energy to produce thermal energy. A. electrical B. chemical C. mechanical D. none of these. When a heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy, A. electrical B. chemical C. mechanical D. a and b energy moves a vehicle.. Which device is a heating appliance? A. computer B. cell phone C. clothes iron D. all the above 3. In which device would you find a fluid called a coolant? A. thermostat 7

8 B. refrigerator C. heating appliance D. microwave 4. In an internal combustion engine, what form of energy is converted to thermal energy? A. electric energy B. chemical energy C. mechanical energy D. thermal Completion Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once or not at all. absolute zero collide curved line decrease energy increase molecular pressure straight line temperature volume. The kinetic theory explains how particles in matter behave.. Particles in matter with the walls of their container, creating pressure. 3. is the amount of force per unit area. 4. Changes in temperature, pressure, and affect gases more than solids or liquids. 5. As gas is compressed, the spaces between the particles. 6. The pressure volume graph for a gas at a constant temperature is a(n). 7. The temperature volume graph for a gas at a constant pressure is a(n). 8. The lowest possible temperature at which particles no longer move is called. 8

9 Solve Equations Boyle s law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. The pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases, and the pressure decreases if the volume increases. This law can be represented by the equation PV V =, where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure, and P P = final pressure. Volume is often measured in milliliters (ml) or liters (L), and pressure is often measured in kilopascals (kpa). A gas has a volume of L at a pressure of 750 kpa. If the pressure decreases to 50 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Answer L. A gas has a volume of 40 ml at a pressure of 800 kpa. If the pressure decreases to 00 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 9

10 . What is the final volume of a gas with an initial volume of 6 L if the pressure increases from 50 kpa to 450 kpa? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 3. At 480 kpa a sample of gas has a volume of 30 ml. What is the volume of the gas at 80 kpa? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 4. A gas has a volume of.5 L at 375 kpa. If the pressure increases to 750 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 0

11 5. Which state of matter of matter do Boyl s law and Charle s Law describe? 6. Restate Charles s law in your own words. 7. Infer: Which four elements did early Greeks, such as Aristotle, all matters were made up of? 8. Elaborate How do modern scientists describe the makeup of matter? 9. Explain how atom is different from the cell. 0. Which subatomic particles account for most of an atom s mass?. Why was Thomson s Atomic Model called as Plum and pudding model?

12 . Mention the name and label its parts 3. Define valency, use carbon to elaborate it. 4. Evaluate the atomic number and atomic mass numbers of Na, Mg and S. 5. What are isotopes? Give at least two examples.

13 6. Explain the structure of oxygen using electronic configuration. 7. What do we mean by energy levels of electron? use appropriate examples to infer. 8. Provide three examples of metals, non metals and metalloids each, from the periodic table. Metals Non metals Metalloids Explain the properties of metals, non metals and metalloids Metals Non metals Metalloids 3

14 0. Define ionization with suitable examples.. Differentiate between anion and cation, using the table below provide two examples of each. Cation Anion 4

15 ANSWER KEY. Use the pictures in the table to complete boxes. State Solid liquid gas Particle Speed slowest medium fastest Attractive Forces Between Particles strongest medium weakest. Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. F. Opposite charges repel each other and create attractive forces between two particles. F T T F T. As particles increase speed, attractive forces get stronger. 3. As particle force weakens, particle space increases. 4. The attractive forces in a solid are strong. 5. Strong forces between particles slow particle movement in a liquid with high surface tension. 6. Cohesion is the attractive force between similar molecules. T 7. Gas has the weakest attractive forces between particles. 3. Directions: In the boxes below, make sketches of the particles of solids, liquids, and gases. 5

16 Solid Liquid Gas 4. Directions: Each of the sentences below is false. Make the sentence true by replacing the underlined word(s) with a term from the list below. Write your changes on the lines provided. condensation temperature evaporation kinetic energy sublimation thermal energy deposition vaporization. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the process of evaporation.. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is measured by the substance s condensation. 3. It rained yesterday; however, due to vaporization, the puddles are all gone today. 4. The gaseous state of a given substance has greater deposition than the liquid or solid states because the particles of the substance are moving more in the gaseous state than in the other states. 5. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the process of deposition. 6. Kinetic energy is different from temperature because it includes the total potential energy and kinetic energy of an object. 7. Temperature results in matter changing from a gas directly to a solid, without going through the liquid state. 8. Evaporation and boiling result in sublimation of a liquid. 6

17 5. Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly describes what happens during each change of state. Each term is used only once. 4. condensation 6. deposition. freezing. melting 5. sublimation 3. vaporization. solid to liquid. liquid to solid 3. liquid to gas 4. gas to liquid 5. solid to gas 6. gas to solid Short Questions. What are the two types of vaporization?. Evaporation. Boiling. When matter changes state, what two things are always conserved?.energy. Matter itself 3. How can you change an object s state of matter? Heat is probably the easiest energy you can use to change states of matter. 4. Directions: Define each term in the space provided, and then provide three examples for each. Term Definition Three Examples. solid A solid has a definite shape and volume. Diamond Graphite Iron rods. liquid A liquid has a definite volume, but it takes the Water 7

18 shape of a container Milk 3. gas whereas a gas fills the entire volume of a container. It does not have a proper shape. Soft drinks Nitrogen Oxygen 4. plasma A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons Carbon dioxide Lightening Neon gas 5. vapor Vapor refers to a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in the liquid or solid state. Welding arcs Water vapors Mist Fog 5. Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Use the diagram to answer each question. condensation freezing melting vaporization 8

19 . If thermal energy is added to a liquid, the following change occurs: Vaporization. If thermal energy is added to a solid, the following change occurs: Melting 3. If thermal energy is removed from a liquid, the following change occurs: Freezing. 4. If thermal energy is removed from a gas, the following change occurs: Condensation Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer. B. Evaporation and boiling are two kinds of A. sublimation. B. vaporization. C. condensation. A. Deposition is a change from a A. gas to a solid. B. solid to a gas. C. liquid to a gas. B 3. Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is A. boiling. B. evaporation. C. sublimation. D. condensation. B 4. Deposition could be best described as the opposite of 9

20 A. evaporation. B. sublimation. C. vaporization. D. condensation. C 5. cannot be created or destroyed. A. Heat B. Metal C. Energy A 6. Coolant in a refrigerator moves energy from one place to another. A. heat B. electric C. thermal C 7. Computers and cell phones get hot when you use them because some energy is always converted into energy in an electronic device. A. heat; electric B. thermal; heat C. electric; thermal A 8. A coil is made up of two types of metal joined together and bent into a coil. A. bimetallic B. thermostat C. heat engine C 9. To something is to force it into a smaller space. A. cool B. heat C. compress C 0. Internal combustion engines use energy to produce thermal energy. A. electrical B. chemical 0

21 C. mechanical C. When a heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy, A. electrical B. chemical C. mechanical energy moves a vehicle. C. Which device is a heating appliance? A. computer B. cell phone C. clothes iron B 3. In which device would you find a fluid called a coolant? A. thermostat B. refrigerator C. heating appliance B 4. In an internal combustion engine, what form of energy is converted to thermal energy? A. electric energy B. chemical energy C. mechanical energy Completion Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once or not at all. 8. absolute zero. collide 7. curved line 5. decrease energy increase. molecular 3. pressure 6. straight line temperature 4. volume. The kinetic theory explains how particles in matter behave.. Particles in matter with the walls of their container, creating pressure. 3. is the amount of force per unit area.

22 4. Changes in temperature, pressure, and affect gases more than solids or liquids. 5. As gas is compressed, the spaces between the particles. 6. The pressure volume graph for a gas at a constant temperature is a(n). 7. The temperature volume graph for a gas at a constant pressure is a(n). 8. The lowest possible temperature at which particles no longer move is called. Solve Equations Boyle s law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. The pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases, and the pressure decreases if the volume increases. This law can be represented by the equation PV V =, where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure, and P P = final pressure. Volume is often measured in milliliters (ml) or liters (L), and pressure is often measured in kilopascals (kpa). A gas has a volume of L at a pressure of 750 kpa. If the pressure decreases to 50 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Step Identify the variables given in the problem. V L P 750 kpa P 50 kpa Step Insert the known values into the equation. Cancel units, multiply, and then divide to solve. ( kpa)( L) V 750 ( 50 kpa)

23 V 3 L. A gas has a volume of 40 ml at a pressure of 800 kpa. If the pressure decreases to 00 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer. What is the final volume of a gas with an initial volume of 6 L if the pressure increases from 50 kpa to 450 kpa? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 3. At 480 kpa a sample of gas has a volume of 30 ml. What is the volume of the gas at 80 kpa? Using PV=PV 3

24 where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 4. A gas has a volume of.5 L at 375 kpa. If the pressure increases to 750 kpa, what is the final volume of the gas? Using PV=PV where V = initial volume, V = final volume, P = initial pressure and P = final pressure Answer 5. Boyle s law and Charles s law both describe the behavior of which state of matter? Both of describe the behavior of gases. Both laws are about how the gases respond according to the fluctuations in temperature pressure and volume. Taking the constants into considerations. 6. Restate Charles s law in your own words. The volume of a given gas sample is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. 7. Infer Early Greeks, such as Aristotle, thought all matter was made of which four elements? Fire, water, air and earth 8. Elaborate How do modern scientists describe the makeup of matter? According to the modern science all the elements are made up of atom that have subatomic particles within them, they name these subatomic particles as proton, neutron and electrons. 9. Explain how atom is different from the cell. A cell is the structural and functional unit of life whereas the atom is the smallest unit of matter which involves non living substances. 4

25 0. Which subatomic particles account for most of an atom s mass? Protons and neutrons account for the most of mass of an atom as they build a central thick region in the atom called nucleus.. Why Thomson s Atomic Model was called as Plum and pudding model? Thomson's model showed an atom that had a positively charged medium, or space, with negatively charged electrons inside the medium. Soon after its proposal, the model was called a 'plum pudding' model because the positive medium was like a pudding, with electrons, or plums, inside.. Mention the name and label its parts Cathode Ray Experiment battery Charged Metal plates Deflected alpha particles 3. Define valency, use carbon to elaborate it. The ability of a substance to lose or gain electrons is called valency. For example, carbon have six electrons in total, out of which four electrons occupy the outermost shell. In order to be stable carbon needs four more electrons (to make it eight in outermost shell). So, its valency is four. 4. Evaluate the atomic number and atomic mass number using Na, Mg and S as an example. 5

26 Atomic number of NA is Atomic mass number.99 Atomic number of Mg is Atomic mass number 4.3 Atomic number of S is 6 Atomic mass number 3 5. What are isotopes? Give at least one examples. Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. For example, The three most stable isotopes of hydrogen: protium (A = ), deuterium (A = ), and tritium (A = 3). Protium the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. A deuterium atom contains one proton, one neutron, and one electron. 6. Explain the structure of oxygen using electronic configuration. Symbol: O Atomic number: 8 Electrons per shell:,6 Atomic mass: Furthermore, Draw the oxygen and show electrons in shells. 7. what do we mean by energy levels of electron? use appropriate examples to infer. Each shell around the nucleus of an atom represents a specific energy level. the shells that are near to the nucleus of an atom have low energy or are called low energy shells while as we move away from the nucleus (increase the electron shells) the energy levels increase. For example, oxygen has to energy level (two shells) k shell with two electrons (low energy level shell) and L shell with six electrons (higher energy level shell). 6

27 8. provide three examples of metals, non metals and metalloids each, from the periodic table. Metals Non metals Metalloids. copper. chlorine. Boron. silver. hydrogen. Silicon 3. iron 3. Sulfur 3. Arsenic 9. Explain the properties of metals, non metals and metalloids Metals Non metals Metalloids. conduct heat. non conductor of heat (except. Semi conductors graphite). conduct electricity. non conductor of electricity. Shiny (Some are dull) (except graphite) 3. ductile, shiny, sonorous 3. Brittle, Dull 3. Malleable 0. Define ionization with suitable examples. 7

28 Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions. Since water is a polar substance it ionizes into hydroxyl ion and hydrogen ions. OH - and H +. Differentiate between anion and cation. Cation Anion An atom or molecule that is positively charged. An atom or molecule that is negatively charged Types of elements: Metals Types of elements: non metals Type of electrode: Cathode Type of electrode: Anode Examples: Iron, Lead and sodium Examples: sulfide, oxide and chlorides. 8