Combined Chemistry Paper 3. Master revision presentation

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1 Combined Chemistry Paper 3 Master revision presentation

2 States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Liquid Melting Boiling Condensing Freezing Liquid Gas Liquid Solid Gas straight to Solid is called Deposition. Solid straight to Gas Sublimation.

3 Structure of the atom Electron shells Atoms are made up of PROTONS, NEUTRONS and ELECTRONS. They are found in the positions shown on the diagram. Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge Proton 1 +1 Neutron 1 0 Electron 1/ Nucleus containing protons and neutrons Electrons fill shells from the middle in the order of 2, 8, 8, 18 (how many elements are in each period)

4 Periodic Table Mendeleev created the periodic table as we know it in He arranged elements in order of their properties leaving gaps where he thought there should be other elements. This was found to be correct when other elements that were discovered filled these blanks. He arranged them by the following properties: Atomic mass Density Melting Point Formula of the oxide Patterns emerged down the groups and across the periods which confirmed his predictions.

5 Al 27 Data from Symbols Top number MASS NUMBER The number of protons and neutrons Bottom number ATOMIC NUMBER 13 The number of protons (also the same as electrons) Protons = 13 Electrons = 13 Neutrons = = 14 Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in the nucleus (high density) Electrons are spread out in shells (low density)

6 Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form between METALS and NON-METALS. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of ELECTRONS. Metallic Ions are POSITIVELY charged (CATIONS). Non-metallic elements are NEGATIVELY charged (ANIONS). Loose + electron

7 Properties of Ionic compounds Conduct electricity when MOLTEN (melted) and in an AQUEOUS SOLUTION (dissolved in water) DO NOT conduct electricity as a SOLID Have high MELTING and BOILING points Usually SOLID at ROOM TEMPERATURE

8 Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds are usually between 2 non-metals. They are strong bonds. They involve the sharing of electrons (shown by dot cross diagrams)

9 Properties of Covalent Compounds Simple Covalent Small molecules oxygen gas, carbon dioxide Low melting and boiling points due to WEAK bonds between molecules. Giant Covalent Giant molecules High melting and boiling points due to lots of strong bonds in the molecule

10 Diamond and Graphite Hard Giant Structure Soft Layers

11 Metallic Bonding Conduct electricity due to the sea of free electrons Malleable (hammer into shape) due to layers that can slip over each other

12 Properties of metals Metal Properties Uses Aluminium Low density, It does not corrode. Light weight for airplanes Copper Good conductor of electricity, low level of reactivity, slow to corrode. Electrical wires, Pipes. Gold Very good conductor of electricity, very unreactive. Used for conducting electricity in computers and mobile phones. Iron /Steel Iron is cheap to extract, it is soft, It can be made in to steel which makes it stronger. They rust so must be painted to be outside Bridges, cars, machinery, electrical goods. 20/11/2017

13 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass The relative atomic mass of an atom is the same as the TOP number (mass number) E.g. Carbon = 12 Oxygen = 16 The relative formula mass is the total mass of all atoms in the molecule E.g. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) (1 x Carbon) + (2 x Oxygen) (12) + (2 x 16) = 44

14 Empirical Formula From the masses of reactants, it is possible to calculate an empirical formula. The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of atoms of each substance in the formula.

15 Theoretical Yield (what you should make) We can use masses in a reaction to help us calculate the amount of reactant and product. Step 1 - Write out the equation for the reaction. Make sure it is balanced. Step 2 - Work out the relative masses of the substances needed in the calculation. Remember to multiply by the number of molecules that are present. Step 3 - Convert the relative masses into the units in the question. Step 4 - Find the ratio by dividing both numbers by the smallest relative mass. Step 5 - Find the mass of the unknown by multiplying the mass of the known by the ratio of the unknown.

16 Percentage Yield Percentage Yield = Actual Yield Theoretical Yield X 100 The Actual Yield is how much you have made from the reaction (from the question). The Theoretical Yield is how much you should make if you have no loss what so ever (100% efficient).

17 Ores Metals are found in the ground as Ores (Metal oxide) with the exception of Silver, Gold and Platinum. To get pure metals they must be extracted. 20/11/2017

18 20/11/2017 Method of extraction The way the metals are extracted depends upon how reactive they are. Zinc to copper can be heated with Carbon e.g. Zinc oxide + Carbon = Zinc and Carbon Dioxide. Whereas more reactive metals use electrolysis E.g. Aluminium Oxide becomes Aluminium and Oxygen.

19 Oxidation and reduction Oxidation is when Oxygen is added. Reduction is when Oxygen is removed. E.g Lead Oxide + Carbon = Lead and Carbon dioxide In this situation Lead is reduced and Carbon is oxidised. When metals Oxidise they corrode (rust) 20/11/2017

20 Recycling metals We have a limited amount of each metal so by recycling we save the amount left in the earth. It saves money because it costs less to recycle than dig it out of the ground and extract. It saves the environment as it reduces the number of quarries required. Recycling produces less greenhouse gases that would be created through quarrying and extracting. 20/11/2017

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