IPC Science Semester 1 Study Guide

Transcription

1 IPC Science Semester 1 Study Guide Completion Complete each statement. 1. A measurement must include both a number and a(an). 2. A material used for electrical wiring would need to have good. 3. In an ionic compound, the attractions between cations and hold the compound together. 4. Element 3, lithium, has one valence electron, and element 4, beryllium, has two valence electrons. Element 5, boron, has valence electrons. 5. Reducing the volume of a gas its pressure if the of the gas and the number of particles are constant. 6. Protons and are found in the nucleus of an atom. 7. A(An) change occurs when a material changes shape or size but the composition of the material does not change. 8. The theory of matter states that all particles of matter are in constant motion. 9. The pascal is the SI unit for. 10. The of an isotope is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. 11. In an electron dot diagram, each dot represents a(an). 12. The moving blades of an airplane propeller provide an analogy for the electron model. 13. properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances. 14. Mendeleev organized elements in his periodic table in order of increasing. 15. A solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture is a(an). 16. The symbols for elements have either or letters. 17. If element Q has 11 protons, its atomic is The two most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table are the alkali metals and the. 19. In a(an) mixture, the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another. 20. An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information is called a(an). 21. A(an) has a definite volume and a definite shape. 22. Boron is one block to the left of carbon in the periodic table. The atomic number of carbon is 6. The atomic number of boron is. 23. If you know the volume and pressure of a gas and the pressure changes, you can find the new pressure by multiplying P 1 by V 1 and this number by V 2.

2 24. An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of. 25. If a spoon gets hot quickly when it is used to stir a pot of soup, it is probably made of. 26. Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and are definite or variable. 27. The substances in a(an) mixture are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. 28. Neutrons and have almost the same mass. 29. The nuclei of isotopes contain different numbers of. 30. At sea level, water at 100 C. Short Answer 31. If gas in a sealed container has a pressure of 50 kpa at 300 K, what will the pressure be if the temperature rises to 360 K? 32. What is viscosity? 33. What are three common clues that a chemical change has occurred? 34. How is a chemical change different from a physical change? 35. If you push on the sides of a filled balloon, how does the gas pressure inside the balloon change? What variable did you decrease to cause this change in pressure? 36. Solid, liquid, and gas are three states of matter. What are two other states of matter, and under what conditions do they exist? 37. Compare the shape and volume of solids, liquids, and gases. 38. In the nucleus of an atom, there are 18 protons and 20 neutrons. What are the atomic number and mass number of this isotope? 39. What is the temperature at which water freezes, expressed in Fahrenheit, Celsius, and kelvins? 40. If an atom has 34 protons and 40 neutrons, what is its mass number? 41. What is a hypothesis? 42. How do changes in temperature usually affect the viscosity of a liquid? Essay 43. In science lab, your teacher gives you two small pieces of matter and tells you that one piece is a metal and one is a nonmetal. Without changing the size or shape of the pieces, how could you test them to determine which is the metal? 44. What is the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory? 45. Suppose you want to separate the leaves, acorns, and twigs from a pile of soil. Filtration and distillation are two processes of separating mixtures. Explain which process you would use and why.

3 46. A sample of calcium contains calcium-40, calcium-44, calcium-42, calcium-48, calcium-43, and calcium-46 atoms. Explain why these atoms can have different mass numbers but must have the same atomic number. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 47. A material that is malleable and conducts electricity is most likely a. wood. c. a metal. b. ice. d. motor oil. 48. Which of the following has the highest viscosity? a. corn syrup c. milk b. orange juice d. water 49. Which of the following factors affects the pressure of an enclosed gas? a. temperature c. volume b. number of particles d. all of the above 50. Which of the following phase changes is an exothermic change? a. deposition c. sublimation b. melting d. vaporization 51. A substance that is made up of only one kind of atom is a(an) a. solution. c. element. b. compound. d. homogeneous mixture. 52. Boyle s law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the a. number of particles decreases. b. temperature reaches absolute zero. c. temperature and number of particles are doubled. d. temperature and number of particles are constant. 53. How do scientists who speak different languages make their data understandable to one another? a. They all use SI. b. They all use different systems of measurement. c. They communicate through a universal translator. d. They all must speak French. 54. At a temperature of 280 K, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 20.0 liters. If the volume of the gas is decreased to 10.0 liters, what must the temperature be for the gas pressure to remain constant? a. 273 K c K b. 140 K d. 560 K 55. A mixture that appears to contain only one substance is a(an) a. compound. c. heterogeneous mixture. b. element. d. homogeneous mixture. 56. If you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes, the substance is a a. solution. c. gas. b. solid. d. liquid. 57. The tendency of an element to react is closely related to a. the number of valence electrons in atoms of the element. b. the ratio of protons to neutrons in atoms of the element. c. attractions between its atoms. d. its atomic mass. 58. The unit for atomic mass is a. amu c. pound

4 b. gram d. none of the above 59. Group 7A of the periodic table contains the a. most reactive metals. c. least reactive metals. b. least reactive nonmetals. d. most reactive nonmetals. 60. In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is used to represent a. the nucleus and valence electrons. b. the nucleus and all electrons. c. the nucleus and all non-valence electrons. d. the nucleus. 61. What is the most important safety rule? a. Always use unbreakable glassware. b. Never do experiments that involve flames or hot objects. c. Never work with chemicals. d. Always follow your teacher s instructions and textbook directions exactly. 62. Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a a. solid. c. liquid. b. gas. d. plasma. 63. Which statement is NOT true about the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine? a. They are all nonmetals. c. They are similar to noble gases. b. They react easily with metals. d. They are all halogens. 64. Rutherford s gold foil experiment provided evidence for which of the following statements? a. Negative and positive charges are spread evenly throughout an atom. b. There is a dense, positively charged mass in the center of an atom. c. Alpha particles have a positive charge. d. Gold is not as dense as previously thought. 65. On the Celsius scale, at what temperature does water boil? a. 100 c. 32 b. 0 d Which of the following is NOT a clue that a chemical change has occurred? a. formation of a precipitate c. change in color b. change in shape d. production of a gas 67. When a physical change in a sample occurs, which of the following does NOT change? a. composition c. shape b. temperature d. volume 68. The phase change that is the reverse of condensation is a. sublimation. c. vaporization. b. melting. d. freezing. 69. What are the building blocks of all matter? a. forces c. atoms b. magnetic fields d. kinetic and potential energy 70. Compared with Group 2A elements, Group 6A elements have a. fewer valence electrons. c. more atoms in the ground state. b. more isotopes. d. more valence electrons. 71. The temperature and volume in a closed container of gas remain constant. If the number of particles of gas is increased, the gas pressure will a. cause a decrease in the average kinetic energy of the particles. b. increase. c. decrease.

5 d. remain constant. 72. Two highly reactive elements in Period 2 are the metal lithium and the a. nonmetal selenium. c. nonmetal fluorine. b. nonmetal krypton. d. metalloid arsenic. 73. What is the result of a force distributed over an area? a. mass c. volume b. temperature d. pressure 74. What is a system of knowledge and the methods used to find that knowledge? a. measurement c. curiosity b. technology d. science 75. Filtration can be used to separate mixtures based on a. their boiling points. b. the size of their particles. c. their densities. d. their melting points. 76. Which statement about subatomic particles is NOT true? a. Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass. b. Unlike protons and electrons, neutrons have no charge. c. Protons and electrons have opposite charges. d. Protons and neutrons have the same charge. 77. Which list of elements contains only metals? a. iodine, carbon, argon c. tin, copper, cesium b. carbon, iodine, tin d. helium, iron, copper 78. The phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is a. sublimation. c. vaporization. b. deposition. d. condensation. 79. The law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles is constant is a. Einstein s law. c. Bose s law. b. Boyle s law. d. Charles s law. 80. The symbol for gold is a. Al. c. Gl. b. Au. d. Go. 81. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge? a. neutron c. electron b. alpha particle d. proton 82. What type of change occurs when water changes from a solid to a liquid? a. a physical change c. an irreversible change b. a phase change d. both a and b 83. The phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is a. sublimation. c. freezing. b. condensation. d. melting. 84. Which of the following is a chemical change? a. water boiling b. water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen c. ice being carved d. ice melting 85. Raising the temperature of a gas will increase its pressure if the volume of the gas

6 a. and the number of particles are increased. b. is increased, but the number of particles is constant. c. is constant, but the number of particles is reduced. d. and the number of particles are constant. 86. What is a physical or mental representation of an object or an event? a. a model c. a theory b. a scientific law d. a hypothesis 87. Which statement about subatomic particles is true? a. Unlike protons or neutrons, electrons have no mass. b. Neutrons have no charge and no mass. c. Protons, neutrons, and electrons all have about the same mass. d. An electron has far less mass than either a proton or neutron. 88. Which of the following is a mixture? a. sand c. silicon dioxide b. silicon d. carbon dioxide 89. Which of the following is a physical change? a. rust forming on an iron fence b. sawing a piece of wood in half c. burning a piece of wood d. a copper roof changing color from red to green 90. Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture? a. has a fixed composition c. contains only pure substances b. has varying properties d. both a and b 91. Which of the following is malleable? a. glass c. pottery b. ice d. gold 92. A substance has a melting point of 0ºC and a boiling point of 100ºC. The substance is most likely a. water. c. gold. b. table salt. d. hydrogen. 93. Which of the following Group 1A elements is the most reactive? a. Li (lithium) c. K (potassium) b. Cs (cesium) d. Na (sodium) 94. Atoms of the most reactive elements tend to have a. no valence electrons. c. four or five valence electrons. b. one or seven valence electrons. d. eight valence electrons. 95. If a solid piece of naphthalene is heated and remains at 80 C until it is completely melted, you know that 80ºC is the a. melting point of naphthalene. c. boiling point of naphthalene. b. freezing point of naphthalene. d. both a and b 96. A gas has a. a definite volume and definite shape. b. no definite shape or definite volume. c. a definite volume but no definite shape. d. a definite shape but no definite volume. 97. In an atomic model that includes a nucleus, positive charge is a. concentrated at multiple sites in an atom. b. concentrated in the center of an atom. c. spread evenly throughout an atom. d. located in the space outside the nucleus.

7 98. Which of the following phase changes is an endothermic change? a. vaporization c. deposition b. freezing d. condensation 99. What is the symbol for aluminum? a. Al c. AL b. A d. Au 100. What is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature? a. a scientific theory c. a fact b. a hypothesis d. a scientific law 101. The atomic mass of an element is a. a weighted average of the masses of an element s isotopes. b. twice the number of protons in one atom of the element. c. the sum of the protons and neutrons in one atom of the element. d. a ratio based on the mass of a carbon-12 atom Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table according to increasing a. number of protons. c. atomic number. b. number of electrons. d. mass During a phase change, the temperature of a substance a. increases. c. increases or decreases. b. decreases. d. does not change A member of the boron family has three valence electrons, while a member of the nitrogen family has a. four. c. three. b. five. d. none Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture? a. water in a swimming pool b. a jar of mixed nuts c. sugar water d. stainless steel 106. Which of the following will cause a decrease in gas pressure in a closed container? a. reducing the volume c. adding more gas b. lowering the temperature d. both a and b 107. Typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a. a stable electron configuration. b. ionization. c. an exchange of energy. d. vaporization In which step of the scientific method is information obtained through the senses? a. analyzing data c. drawing conclusions b. making observations d. revising a hypothesis

8 Physical Science Semester 1 Study Guide Answer Section COMPLETION 1. ANS: unit PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: conductivity PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: anions PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I b 4. ANS: three PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: increases, temperature PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: neutrons PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: physical PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: kinetic PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: pressure PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: mass number PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: valence electron PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: cloud PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I a 13. ANS: Chemical PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: mass PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: precipitate

9 PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: one, two PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: number PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: halogens PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: heterogeneous PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: scientific method PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.I ANS: solid PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: 5 PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: dividing PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: atom PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: metal PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: volumes PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: homogeneous PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: protons PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: neutrons PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: boils PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: SHORT ANSWER

10 31. ANS: The new pressure will be 60 kpa. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: Viscosity is the tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing, or its resistance to flowing. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: a change in color, the production of a gas, and the formation of a precipitate PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: A chemical change involves a change in the composition of matter. During a physical change, the composition of matter does not change. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: The gas pressure increased because the volume of the gas was decreased. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: Plasma exists at extremely high temperatures, and a Bose-Einstein condensate can exist at extremely low temperatures. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: Solids have a definite shape and definite volume, liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape, and gases do not have a definite volume or a definite shape. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: atomic number = 18; mass number = 38 PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: 32 F, 0 C, and 273 K PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: 74 PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: a proposed answer to a question PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.I ANS: The viscosity of a liquid usually decreases as the liquid is heated and increases as the liquid cools.

11 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ESSAY 43. ANS: You could see which piece conducts an electric current or which piece is a better conductor of heat. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: A scientific law is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature, without attempting to explain it. A scientific theory explains the pattern. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: Filtration would be used because it is the process of separating mixtures based on the size of their particles (or pieces). A screen could be used to separate the mixture. The holes in the screen would need to be large enough to allow the soil to pass through but not the leaves, acorn, or twigs. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: All the atoms of an element have the same atomic number because the atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom. If one of the atoms had a different number of protons, the atom would not be a calcium atom. The mass number can vary because it is the sum of the protons and neutrons, and isotopes of an element can have different numbers of neutrons. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: MULTIPLE CHOICE 47. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: I.I.I ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 5.3.1

12 58. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I a II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: III.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.I I.I.III III.I.I III.I.I III.I.I ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.3.4

13 84. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.III ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: III.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.I II.I.I ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: STA: II.I.III ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: STA: I.I.I