2 nd International Webinar Conference
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- Annis Alice Austin
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1 2 nd Interntionl Sponsored by: Greenhouse Lighting 1:00 to 2:00 Estern Uncovering the Potentil uses for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in Greenhouses nd Indoor Production of Ornmentl nd Lefy Green Crops Roberto Lopez Floriculture Extension Specilist nd Reserch Light quntity Light qulity Light durtion (intensity) (distribution) (photoperiod) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Photosynthetic, photomorphogenic, nd photoperiodic Lighting Greenhouse Grower Chllenges: Light Intensity Propgtors of young plnts re interested in: 1) Minimizing production time for seedlings (plugs) nd rooting of cuttings (liners) to reduce energy costs 2) Optimizing qulity of young nd finished plnts The production environment nd culture impcts crop qulity nd timing Greenhouse Grower Chllenges: Light Intensity During young plnt production, the Pn DLI outdoors cn rnge from 5 to 20 mol m -2 d -1 cross the northern U.S. Light levels cn be 50% or less of tht outdoors due to structures, glzing, shding, nd obstructions Therefore, the DLI cn be s low s 1 to 5 mol m-2 d-1 nd even lower during extended periods of cloudy wether Dily Light Integrl (DLI) nd Young Plnts Avg. Greenhouse DLI (mol m -2 d -1 ) Benefit of Supplementl Lighting 7 Lrge 9 Moderte 11 Smll Februry DLI (mol m -2 d-1 ) Argyrnthemum Mdeir Cherry Red Disci Wink Corl Korczynski et l., 2002 Februry Runkle, 2011 Currey et l., 2012
2 Petuni Mdness Red 27 or 33 dys fter seed sow t 68 ⁰F (20 ⁰C) H =Supplementl lighting from HPS lmps = no supplementl lighting H H H HH HH HHH Viol Delt Premium Yellow Root dry mss (mg) Root biomss increses with DLI Angeloni, R 2 = 0.70 *** Argyrnthemum, r 2 = 0.70 *** Disci, r 2 = 0.65 *** Oh, W., E.S. Runkle, nd R.M. Wrner, 2010 Currey et l., 2012 Dily light integrl (mol m -2 d -1 ) P n (µmol m -2 s -1 ) NS Pn increses with DLI 15.6 mol m -2 d mol m -2 d mol m -2 d -1 L* L** * L*** L*** 16-h photoperiod with the following 4 supplementl lighting tretments providing 70 µmol m -2 s-1 : LEDs Orbitec 2 nd genertion LED modules: 100% Red : 0% Blue 85% Red : 15% Blue 70% Red : 30% Blue High-pressure sodium P.L. Light Systems 150 W 1 73 F (23 C) ir temperture set point Currey nd Lopez, 2012 Dys fter trnsfer (no.) Sunlight + HPS 100R:0B Sunlight + LEDs 85R:15B 70R:30B New Guine imptiens Celebrette Frost 6 5 Imptiens Pelrgonium Petuni Petuni Sunctcher Midnight Blue P n (µmol m -2 s -1 ) HPS 100R:0B 85R:15B 70R:30B 21 dys of supplementl lighting Currey nd Lopez, 2013 Supplementl light source
3 Sunlight + Sunlight + LEDs HPS 100R:0B 85R:15B 70R:30B Gernium Presto Drk Red New Guine imptiens Celebrette Frost Petuni Sunctcher Midnight Blue Supplementl Lighting of Plugs with LEDs 100% R 85% R 15% B HPS 70% R 30% B 16-h photoperiod with 4 supplementl lighting tretments (100 µmol m -2 s -1 ) 70 F (21 C) ir temperture set point Tretment durtion = 28 dys Plnt Mteril Begoni Yng Red Green Lef Celosi Fresh Look Gold Gernium Bullseye Scrlet Mrigold Bonnz Flme Pnsy Mmmoth Big Red Petuni Plush Blue Slvi Vist Red Seed imptiens Dzzler Blue Perl Snpdrgon Rocket Pink Vinc Titn Punch Light intensity (µmol m -2 s -1 nm -1 ) HPS 100R : 0B 85R : 15B 70R : 30B Sunlight + HPS Petuni Plush Blue Sunlight + LEDs 100R 85R:15B 70R:30B Wvelength (nm) 28 dys of supplementl lighting
4 Finish 4 inch continer filled with commercil medium Sunlight + HPS Petuni Plush Blue Sunlight + LEDs 100R 85R:15B 70R:30B 70 F (21 C) constnt (dy/ night) 16-hr mbient solr + supplementl HPS light DLI mol m 2 d 1 3 weeks fter trnsplnt Young Plnt Conclusions LEDs re comprble to HPS for use in cutting propgtion LEDs re suitble for providing supplementl light for plug production with some benefits compred to HPS lmps Compct plugs tht hve greener folige Finished plnt qulity of most species ws not significntly influenced by propgtion supplementl lighting from HPS or LEDs Objectives To quntify the difference between seedlings grown under mbient light, supplementl or sole-sources lighting 73 F (23 C) constnt (dy/ night) DLI 10.5 mol m 2 d 1 Two 288-cell plug trys of ech species in ech tretment for 21 or 28 d
5 Greenhouse Supplementl Lighting (SL) Chmber Sole Source Lighting (SS) Sunlight + Supplementl lighting 16-h photoperiod with the following tretments providing 70 µmol m -2 s-1 : High pressure sodium (HPS) 150 wtt Plsm lmps (PL) 300 wtt Philips production module (87% Red : 13% Blue) No supplementl light (Ambient) 16-h photoperiod with the following 2 solesource lighting tretments providing 185 µmol m -2 s -1 : LEDs Philips Production Module (87% Red : 13% Blue) Philips Reserch Module (70% Red : 30% Blue) Plnt Mteril Gernium Bullseye Red Imptiens Super Elfin XP Blue Perl Mrigold Durngo Yellow Petuni Drems Midnight Vinc Titn Red Drk Light intensity (µmol m -2 s -1 nm -1 ) HPS (70 µmol) PL (70 µmol) LED 88:12 (70 µmol) LED 88:12 (185 µmol) LED 70:30 (185 µmol) Wvelength (nm) Petuni Drems Midnight Sunlight + LEDs (Red:Blue) HPS PL SL87:13 SS70:30 SS87:13 Finish 4.5 inch continers filled with commercil medium 68/65 F (20/18 C) (dy/ night) 16-hr mbient solr + supplementl HPS light Photo tken fter 21 dys DLI mol m 2 d 1 SL = supplementl lighting SS = sole-source lighting
6 Petuni Drems Midnight Sunlight + LEDs (Red:Blue) Amb HPS PL SL87:13 SS70:30 SS87:13 Sole-source Lighting Conclusions The qulity of ll species grown under SL ws similr or greter thn seedlings grown under mbient light 3 Weeks fter trnsplnt SL = supplementl lighting SS = sole-source lighting Seedling qulity of species grown under SSL ws similr or greter thn seedlings grown under SL Sole-source Lighting Conclusions Time to flower ws similr for ll species under both SL nd SSL tretments except for Imptiens nd petuni SL nd SSL re both vible methods of producing nnul bedding plnt seedlings Objectives To quntify the effect of SS fr-red light on seedling qulity nd subsequent time to flower To quntify the effect of SS DLI on seedling qulity nd subsequent time to flower Three species evluted Coreopsis Sunfire Pnsy Mtrix Yellow Petuni Purple Wve Environment 68 º F (21 º C) ir temperture 70/80% dy/night reltive humidity 500 ppm CO 2 Photoperiod: 16-hr Light Qulity Philips Production Modules Deep Red/Blue (87R :13B) Deep Red/Fr-red/Blue (84R:7FR:9B) Deep Red/White (R74:G18:B8) Dily Light Integrl 6 mol m 2 d 1 (2 modules) 12 mol m 2 d 1 (4 modules) 18 mol m 2 d 1 (6 modules)
7 Pnsy Mtrix Yellow Incresing DLI led to decresed stem elongtion Slightly smller stem cliper t lower DLIs Higher DLIs led to greter root nd shoot dry mss Dily Light Integrl (mol m 2 d 1 ) R:B R:FR:B R:W R:B R:FR:B R:W R:B R:FR:B R:W 21 dys of sole-source lighting Seedlings trnsplnted t 21 nd 28 dys Finishing environment 4.5 inch continers filled with commercil medium 16-hr mbient solr + supplementl HPS light Air temperture: 68 º F (20 º C) DLI mol m 2 d 1 Pnsy Time to Flower R:FR:B flowered ~ 6 dys erlier for High DLI R:FR:B flowered ~ 8 dys erlier for Medium DLI Dily Light Integrl (mol m 2 d 1 ) Light Qulity R:B R:FR:B R:W R:B 35.6 R:B:FR R:W 43.4 Preliminry Conclusions Higher qulity plugs under higher DLIs Light qulity does not pper to hve significnt effect within DLIs on plug qulity Erlier flowering for some species under R:FR:B LEDs with higher DLIs Results re still very preliminry c 43.8 c 46.6 bc 51.6 c Objective Quntify the effects of sole-source (SS) LED lighting providing different light intensities nd qulities on: growth, morphology, nd nutritionl content of Brssic microgreens
8 Plnt Mteril Brssic olerce vr. gongylodes (kohlrbi) Brssic junce (mustrd) Brssic rp spp. nipposinic (mizun) Substrte Polyethylene terephthlte fiber pd hydroponic try Environment 70/63 F (21/17 C) dy/night (16 h/8 h) 50/60% dy/night reltive humidity 500 ppm CO 2 Light Qulity Philips Production Modules: Deep Red/Blue (87R :13B) Deep Red/Fr-red/Blue (84R:7FR:9B) Deep Red/White (R74:G18:B8) Dily Light Integrl 6 mol m 2 d 1 (2 modules) 12 mol m 2 d 1 (4 modules) 18 mol m 2 d 1 (6 modules) Light Tretments 87:13 (%) Red:Blue Results - Brssic olerce (kohlrbi) Dily Light Integrl (mol m 2 d 1 ) :13 (%) Red:Blue 84:7:9 (%) Red:Fr-Red:Blue 84:7:9 (%) Red:Fr-Red:Blue 74:18:8 (%) Red:Green:Blue 74:18:8 (%) Red:Green:Blue Results - Brssic olerce (kohlrbi) Dily Light Integrl (mol m 2 d 1 ) :13 (%) Red:Blue Results - Kohlrbi Hypocotyl length (mm) b bc bc cd R:G:B R:B R:FR:B de e e 84:7:9 (%) Red:Fr-Red:Blue 74:18:8 (%) Red:Green:Blue Lef re (cm 2 ) b bc bc bc bc c Dily light integrl (mol m -2 d -1 )
9 Results - Kohlrbi Dry weight (%) 12 R:G:B R:B 10 R:FR:B b b b 8 c cd d Results - Kohlrbi Totl nthocynins (mg/g) d d d c c R:G:B R:B RFR:B bc c b Reltive chlorophyll content bc -c bc b b Dily light integrl (mol m -2 d -1 ) Totl phenolics (mg/g) b b b b b b b b Dily light integrl (mol m -2 d -1 ) Conclusions Biomss production incresed with higher light intensities Incresed DLI led to incresed nthocynin content Lower DLI my led to incresed crotenoid content Electricl svings re gretest with low light intensities Bckground Under low-light greenhouse conditions, folige of P. setceum Rubrum nd red lef lettuce is: Often ple green to light purple Not s estheticlly ppeling to consumers Bckground Color is key component Influences nd registers with consumer s initil perception of product qulity (Ryder, 1999) Bckground Color of plnts is ttributed to pigments: Chlorophylls Crotenoids Flvonoids Copigments (colorless) Anthocynins (colored) (Lightbourn et l, 2008)
10 Bckground Bckground Addition of blue (450 nm) light Significntly incresed the concentrtion of nthocynins in lef tissue (Stutte, 2009) End-of-production (EOP) Supplementl Lighting: Finishing stge of crop cycle Proposed prctice to enhnce color Increse product qulity nd esthetic vlue Plnt Mteril: Purple fountin grss Rubrum Trnsplnt into 13-cm dimeter plstic continers Production Grown for 55 dys prior to EOP lighting: Under 50% blck shde cloth Simulte the DLI of Mrch Nturl dy length DLI 6.0 mol m 2 d 1 Air temperture 73 ºF (23 ºC) constnt Fertilized with 200 mg L 1 N (21N 5P 20K) End-of-production Lighting Finished for 21 d under EOP lighting: Air temperture 73 ºF (23 ºC) constnt 16-h photoperiod DLI 8.9 mol m 2 d 1 End-of-production Lighting Light source Light type Spectrl rtio (Red:Blue) Intensity (μmol m 2 s 1 ) Control (No EOP) Photoperiodic HPS Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) End of Production Supplementl lighting (SL) 100: : : : : :
11 Purple fountin grss 'Rubrum Control HPS Red LED 50:50 87:13 Blue LED µmol 7 dys of EOP 14 dys of EOP Purple fountin grss 'Rubrum 21 dys of EOP Purple fountin grss 'Rubrum 21 dys of EOP Control 4.1 µmol HPS 70 µmol Red LED 100 µmol 50: µmol 87: µmol Blue LED 25 µmol Control HPS 70 µmol Red LED 100 µmol Blue LED 25 µmol Blue LED 50 µmol Blue 50 µmol Blue LED 100 µmol Blue 100 µmol Gernium Blck Velvet No HPS Red LED 50:50 R:B LED EOP µmol Red lef lettuce vrities Initition 87:13 R:B LED Blue LED µmol Cherokee Mgent Ruby Sky Vulcn 7 dys 14 dys fter fter strt strt of experiment of experiment 0 dys fter strt of experiment
12 Lettuce Cherokee HPS Red LED R:B LED Blue LED Control µmol 5 dys of EOP Lettuce Vulcn HPS Red LED R:B LED Blue LED Control µmol 5 dys of EOP 7 dys of EOP 7 dys of EOP 14 dys of EOP 14 dys of EOP Lettuce Ruby Sky HPS Red LED R:B LED Blue LED Control µmol 5 dys of EOP 7 dys of EOP 14 dys of EOP Conclusions Purple Fountin Grss Seven to 14 dys of EOP SL of 100 µmol m 2 s 1 red:blue, red or blue LED light Promotes enhnced purple pigmenttion of purple fountin grss Rubrum nd gernium Blck Velvet gernium when grown under low greenhouse DLI Conclusions Lettuce Five to 7 dys of EOP SL of 100 µmol m 2 s 1 red:blue, red or blue LED light Promotes enhnced red pigmenttion of lettuce Cherokee, Ruby Sky nd Vulcn folige when grown under low greenhouse DLI Low intensity LEDs Bckground Designed to replce INC Longer operting life Spectr tilored to elicit desired plnt responses, such s flowering
13 Plnt mteril Mrigold Moonsong Deep Ornge Osteospermum Serenity Bronze Pnsy Mtrix Yellow Petuni Drems Midnight Snpdrgon Oh Snp Pink Sunflower Pcino Gold Zinni Mgelln Cherry Automtic blckout curtin system Blckout curtins were retrcted to crete truncted 9-h photoperiod 0800 to 1700 HR Nturl dy length supplemented with HPS lmps PPF of 70 µmol m 2 s 1 t plnt height Glss-glzed greenhouse Air temperture 68/65 F (20/18 C) dy/night Low DLI 5 to 8 mol m 2 d 1 High DLI 13 to 15 mol m 2 d 1 10, 13, or 16-h photoperiods DE lighting 4 μmol m 2 s 1 R:W:FR Philips Flowering Lmp 1, 4, or 7 h R:W Philips Flowering Lmp 1, 4, or 7 h Pnsy Mtrix Yellow Greenhouse ir temperture of 19.3 ºC, DLI of 6.2 mol m 2 d 1 Photoperiod (h) Petuni Drems Midnight Greenhouse ir temperture of 19.3 ºC, DLI of 5.7 mol m 2 d 1 Photoperiod (h) Red:White:Fr-red LEDs 61 A 45 Bb 40 Bb Red:White:Fr-red LEDs Time to flower (d) 49 B 35 Bb 32 Bc Red:White LEDs 63 A 61 A 57 A Red:White LEDs Time to flower (d) 53 A 52 A 53 A Photo tken fter 6 weeks Photo tken fter 6 weeks
14 Snpdrgon Oh Snp Pink Greenhouse ir temperture of 19.3 ºC, DLI of 6.5 mol m 2 d 1 Photoperiod (h) Red:White:Fr-red LEDs Red:White LEDs 65 B 51 Bb 49 Bc Time to flower (d) Conclusions Under low DLI, low intensity LEDs with frred light: Incresed stem elongtion Hstened time to flower of LD plnts Under low DLI, low intensity LEDs WITHOUT fr-red light: Reduced stem elongtion Delyed time to flower of LD plnts Photo tken fter 7 weeks 79 A 76 A 79 A Conclusions Under low DLI, DE with R/W/FR photoperiodic lighting Hstened time to flower Mrket redy Species dependent Promoted stem elongtion Require plnt growth regultors LED Website nd Conferences LED Symposium: Developing Technologies nd Prctices for Sustinble Specilty-Crop Production Februry 19 (tour/reception) nd 20 (full dy), 2015 Tucson, AZ nd online $40 online; $70 onsite Register: Acknowledgments We lso thnk the USDA, privte horticulture nd lighting compnies tht support Purdue LED reserch including:
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