II. Current Scientific Classification

Transcription

1 II. Current Scientific Classification a) Kingdom (6, there were just 5 when I started teaching) i. Largest unit of classification b) Phylum c) Class d) Order e) Family f) Genus g) Species

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3 III. Kingdoms Archabacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Were once grouped together as Monera

4 Taxonomy And the Marine Environment

5 Marine Bacteria Classified into two separate kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Were put together in Kingdom Monera just a decade ago

6 All are prokaryotic Lack a nucleus Microscopic Smallest living thing Single-celled However, they carry out nearly all chemical reactions found in bigger life forms. Plasma (cell) membrane Found in several different environments

7 The Kingdom Archaebacteria ( Ancient ) Emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago live in environments resembling conditions existing when earth was young. 3 major known types of Archaebacteria

8 Ex. Methanogens Anaerobic bacteria - produce methane Found in sewage treatment plants, bogs, deep in the oceans and the intestinal tracts of ruminants

9 EX. Halophiles Thrive in high salt concentrations Such as salt lakes or pools of sea water Photosynthetic (producing their energy from light)

10 Heat-loving bacteria Found near hydrothermal vents and hot springs Many are chemosynthetic, using dissolved sulfur or other elements as energy source Ex. Thermophiles

11 Kingdom Eubacteria ( True ) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Heterotrophic Most decomposers Autotrophic Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic Found everywhere in marine environment shallow and deep water (shallow water bacteria do not like deep water and vice versa) Some degrade oil

12 Example Cyanobacteria - largest group of photosynthetic eubacteria. Often referred to as Blue-green algae are often much larger than other bacteria - which in the past led this group to be classified as algae rather than bacteria Thought to have generated earth s atmosphere

13 Possess same type of chlorophyll found in algae and plants pigments not contained within membrane-bound chloroplasts.

14 Kingdom Protista

15 Kingdom Protista Many have chloroplasts for photosynthesis Both unicellular and multicellular

16 Unicellular Protists

17 Euglenozoa Many swim with a single flagellum Not encased in a cell wall therefore flexible Ex. Euglena

18 Ciliates Move by cilia. Single-celled some seen with the naked eye. Examples: Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella,

19 Dinoflagellates ~1000 species. Occasionally reproduce explosively (bloom) creating poisonous red tides may cause extensive kills of marine fish and make filter-feeding marine animals like clams unfit for human consumption.

20 Diatoms Main producers in aquatic environments Serve as main base of food web Referred to as PHYTOPLANKTON!!

21 Multi-cellular Protists (Algae)

22 Seaweeds Classified by Color

23 General Structure Holdfast Thallus Blades Stipe Gas Bladder No roots - absorb water and nutrients directly from sea No leaves - photosynthesis takes place all over body

24 Ecological Value Photosynthesis- take up CO 2 and contribute O 2 to water Lime secreting seaweeds help build coral reefs Food source for many life forms Rich in vitamins and minerals Habitat for many life forms

25 Phylum Chlorophyta Green Freshwater, terrestrial, and a few marine (about 10% of the 7000 known). Bays and estuaries (wide range of salinity) Rarely grow below 33 feet Blooms can cause greenish color Form algae slime on boats, jetties, etc

26 Examples:

27 Enteromorpha intestinalis Found in Artic to Tropical On stones in soft sand Stone Hair

28 Dictyosphaeria sp. Found in polluted waters of Hawaii Bubble like lobes

29 Cladophora sp. Salt marshes Branched with many nuclei Eaten by snails, amphipods

30 Phylum Phaeophyta Brown (olive green to dark brown) ~1500 species, mostly marine Biggest!

31 Examples:

32 Pelvetia Atlantic and Pacific Coasts high littoral zone

33 Sargassum Sargasso weed Air bladders Some grow on rocks, some float Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of California Sargasso Sea is an area in the Atlantic, north of the West Indies, 2.5 million square miles

34 Padina Prefers warm water Fan-like

35 Kelps several

36 Laminaria agardhii Great abundance below low tide Temperate and Arctic latitudes Blades reach 10 feet Attaches to rocks No common name

37 Nerocystis luetkeana Bullwhip kelp Pacific 100 feet

38 Macrocystis itegrifolia Giant kelp Biggest at 330 feet Grows 20 inches a day

39 Phylum Rhodophyta RED They can be very deep and only red light can get that far Lots! ~ 4000 species Found at 879 feet!

40 Phylum Rhodophyta Very few freshwater, mostly marine Prefer warmer waters Many parasitic on other seaweeds Some have lost chlorophyll completely Usually filamentous (and pretty)

41 Source of agar Jellies Used to protect hams, fish, and other meats Used as a thickener in laxatives, and cosmetics

42 Examples:

43 Sea Oak Below lowest tide marks Attached to shells or epiphytic Low-tide Phycodrys rubens

44 Callothamnion Red coralline algae Encrusts rocks Temperate to polar

45 Chondrus crispus Irish moss Industrial source of carrageenan

46 Agardhiella tenera Used as a culture medium in bacteriology Agar

47 Seaweed Zonation Depth according to pigment <33 feet mostly Chlorophyta feet lots of Phaeophyta feet lots of Rhodophyta

48 Seaweed Zonation Physical Wave action Drying affects of sun and wind Salinity Abrasion by water borne sand PH Presence of Grazers

49 Kingdom Plantae (Marine Angiosperms) And Kingdom Fungi

50 All are: Eukaryotic Multicellular

51 Phylum Anthophyta A few live in the water, but most live on the skirts Few are successful in the ocean, only the seagrass are truly marine True leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem Allow plants to grow tall by transporting food and water

52 Can grow completely underwater (can be intertidal and therefore survive when the tide is out) Reproduce with flowers and seeds or rhizomes Release a string of pollen that floats Form broad green submerged meadows About 58 species known and in only 12 genera Sea Grasses

53 Common name- Eelgrass Most common Temperate North Atlantic and Pacific, and the Gulf Coast Found in shallow bays and estuaries Can grow in water up to 4-5 meters deep Flat ribbon like leaves Loves O 2 poor sediments Provides habitats for marine animals Spawning ground for many organisms Zostera

54 Phyllospadix Common name: Surfgrass Found on rocky coasts with lots of wave action May be exposed at low tide Found on Pacific coast of North America Seasonal flowers and fuzzy fruit Very productive due to nitrifying bacteria in roots

55 Thalassia Common name: Turtle grass Found in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Looks like Eelgrass, but the leaves are broader/shorter Grows in muddy and sandy sediment Calm water 30 inches or less of water

56 Syringodium Common name: Manatee grass Found in shallow warm waters from Florida and the Gulf Coast northern South America Grows at depths from 1 3 m sandy or muddy bottoms

57 Marine Plants- partly in the water

58 Spartina Halophyte Land plants that are tolerate to salt Common name: Cord Grass Do not like being submerged Found in salt marshes and other soft bottom costal areas in temperate regions Leaves always exposed to air

59 Salt glands in leaves Spreads by rhizomes Important soil stabilizer High energy production Important refugee for many organisms

60 Salicornia Common name: Pickle weed Halophyte Found in salt marshes and other soft bottom coastal areas in temperate regions Leaves always exposed to air

61 MANGROVES ~ 80 species (3 in the states) Provide nursery habitat Support wide range of wildlife Maintain coastal water quality Grow partially submerged in seawater Roots filter some salt Leaves collect salt and eventually fall off Roots prevent movement of sediment Root system can w/stand hurricanes! Mangrove forests can prevent erosion of coastlines

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63 3 species in the Gulf of Mexico/United States Red Closest to shore, in the water Big arching roots Black More inland Pneumatophores on roots (soil still wet) Roots still arch above ground though not as high White Even more inland No visible roots

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65 Fungi 500 species of Marine Fungi Most are decomposers Some are parasites Can cause disease in Sponges Seaweeds Shellfish Fish

66 OPEN NOTE QUIZ

67 1 Which of the following groups would contain the greatest number of organisms? a. phylum b. genus c. class d. order

68 2 The scientific name contains information about which of the following? a. family b. kingdom c. genus d. species

69 3 The current classification was devised by a. Ruxbin b. Taxon c. Linnaeus d. Darwin e. Yo momma

70 4 If two organisms are in the same class they must also be in the same a. genus b. species c. kingdom d. phylum

71 5 Which kingdom contains organsims who live in extreme environments? a. protista b. archaebacteria c. plantae d. eubacteria

72 6 Which of the following are examples of protista a. thermoacidophyles b. rhodophyta c. halophyles d. diatoms

73 7 Prokaryotes can be described by a. having a nucleus b. as euglenazoa c. being unicellular d. protista

74 8 Which of the following are phaeophyta? a. bullwhip kelp b. sea oak c. sargassum d. gillyweed

75 9 Arthropods are organsims with jointed appendages and exoskeletons. Which arthropods are most closely related? a. Those of the same family b. those of the same order c. those of the same genus d. those of the same kingdom

76 10 There are Kingdoms in the current taxonomy system. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

77 11 Which group of organisms is responsible for Red Tides? a. Red Algae b. Diatoms c. Dinoflagellates d. Rhodophyta

78 12 The algae structure(s) similar to the leaf of a plant is(are) a. holdfast b. gasbladder c. stipe d. blade

79 13 A holdfast is different from the leaves of a plant because a holdfast a. is responsible for photosynthesis b. doesn t absorb minerals and nutrients c. the two are not different d. none of the above

80 14 Algae are classified by? a. color b. socioeconomic status c. religious belief d. grade level

81 15 If you were viewing algae 550 feet deep you were not looking at? a. chlorophyta b. rhodophyta c. phaeophyta d. kelp

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