How are living things classified?
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1 31 species: group of organisms that look alike and can reproduce among themselves Simple Organisms genus: classification group made up of related species kingdom: largest classification group phylum: classification group made up of related classes taxonomy: science of classifying living things KEY TERMS How are living things classified? Lesson
![132 members become more similar. nus], and the species [SPEE-sheez]. As a group becomes smaller, the Each kingdom is then divided into smaller and smaller groups.](/docs-images/76/73791220/images/2-0.jpg "They are the phylum [FY-lum], the class, the order, the family, the genus flee largest number of different organisms. Members of a kingdom share may not look alike at all.")
2 132 members become more similar. nus], and the species [SPEE-sheez]. As a group becomes smaller, the Each kingdom is then divided into smaller and smaller groups. They are the phylum [FY-lum], the class, the order, the family, the genus flee largest number of different organisms. Members of a kingdom share may not look alike at all. Take the flea and the elephant, for example. Do they look alike? Of course not! Yet, they belong to the same kingdom. only a few traits or characteristics. In fact, members of the same kingdom The largest classification group is the kingdom. A kingdom contains the CLASSIFICATION GROUPS Today; living things are classified into same group are alike in some ways. The more alike organisms are, the seven major classification groups. Organisms that are classified in the more groups they share. organism develops before it is born. like cell organization, chemical make-lip, ancestors, and the way an grouped organisms according to what they looked like. Organisms that Linnaeus is credited as the founder of modern taxonomy. He Carolus Linnaeus [lun-nay-us] developed a classification system in looked alike were grouped together. Today, we consider other things too, is called taxonomy ltak-sahn-uh-mee]. How do we keep track of so many different kinds of organisms? Biolo gists classify living things into groups. Members of the same group are alike in certain important ways. The science of classifying living things number to be more than 10,000,000. 6,000 more are being discovered each year. Some scientists believe the How many different kinds of plants and animals can you name? Twenty? millions of different kinds of organisms. So far, about 1½ million different kinds of organisms have been identified. In addition, about Thirty?.. Fifty? It may be hard to believe, hut we share this planet with 20 classified? LESSON How are living things
3 I 133 alike. The species has the smallest space in the classification pyramid. It is only large enough trees, or two robins. are mostly individual differences like the differences between two people, or two elm members: however, the members have more traits in common. They begin to be more and can reproduce among themselves... Are there any differences? Certainly! But they MORE alike similarities increase. Organisms are decreases, the of members members BUT of as he number Decrease in number As you move down the pyramid, each room gets smaller. It can hold fewer and fewer all animals, or all protists. for one kind of organism only humans, or only elm frees, or only robins. Think of the classification system as an upside-down pyramid. The kingdom is the largest part. It has the most room, so it can hold the greatest number of organisms all plants, or Figure A Members of a particular species are very similar. Organisms in the same species look alike LESS alike. Organisms are increases, the as the number of members members BUT similarities decrease. Increase in number CI.ASSIFICATION GROUPS
4 Figure B Some organisms, like dogs and cats, are classified into an even smaller group the breed. But regardless of the breed, all dogs belong to one species. All cats belong to another species. TRACING SIMILARITiES A member of a particular classification group has traits that are the same as all members of its own group, as well as all members of the broader classification groups. For example: A member of a particular phylum has traits that are similar to all members of that phylum, as well as all members of its kingdom. Use Figures A and C to help you answer the following questions. CLASSIFICATION GROUP SHARES SOME CHARACTERISTICS WITH THESE GROUPS 1. a. a member of a class 2. b. a member of an order 3. c. a member of a species 134
5 4. Which group has fewer members: In what kingdom is the dandelion classified? An i mali a b. a genus or a family? a. a phylum or a family? sapiens Honw Chordata Human Hominidae jnv ui d Mammal ia Primates 3 has more members: b. members of an order or members of a phylum? Study the table siwuthiç the classification of four oççanisnis. A ;iszc er tilt tines! ion in the spaces a. members of an order or members of a family? 2. Which are more similar: b. How do you know? 9. a. Which organism is least like the other three? -. b. How do you know? 8. a. Which two organisms are the most similar? 7. How many groups do wolves and dogs share? - 6. How many groups do wolves and humans share? ecies offten inle jjtntha ris hipi is Class Angiosperrnae N lamrnalia Mammalia Family Compositae Canidae Canidae Kingdom Plan tao Ani maim Animal ia Order Asterales Carnivora Carnivora Phylum Tracheophyta Chordata Chordata Genus Taraxacitni Caijis Ca; us Dandelion J_ Dog Wolf Table I Classification of Organisms b. Which group has the fewest members? 5. a. Which group has the most members? b. an order or a phylum? - a. a family or genus? -
6 NAMING ORGANISMS Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of classification. He also developed a system for naming organisms that is still used today. His system is called binomial nomenclature (bi-noh-mee-uhl NOH-muhn-kIay-chur). In this system, each kind of organism is given a two-part scientific name. The first part is the name of the genus in which the organism is classified. The second part is the name of the species. For example, the scientific name for a dog is Canis famfliaris. (See Table 1). When a scientific name is written, the genus name is italicized or underlined. Answer the following questions about scientific ;zantes. You may need to study Table I to answer some of the questions. 1. V/hat are the two parts of a scientific name? 2. a. What is the system for naming organisms that is used today called? b. Who developed this system? 3. a. What is the scientific name for humans? b. What is the scientific name for wolves? c. What is the scientific name for dandelions? 4. Why do scientists use scientific names? 5. What is wrong with the way this scientific name is written? canis Familiaris? 136 I-i
7 Here is a description of the five kingdoms. At one time all organisms were classified in either the plant or animal kingdom. Today FIVE KINGDOMS most scientists accept the five kingdom classification system. Figure D made up of many cells. They take in food from the outside. You are probably most familiar with members of the animal kingdom. Animals are Animal Kingdom use chlorophyll to make their own food. Plants have many cells. Plant cells have a cell wall and contain chlorophyll. Plants Plant Kingdom of many cells. Some have only one cell. Fungi absorb food from their environment. Do you like mushrooms? Mushrooms are one kind of fungi. Most fungi are made up Fungi Kingdom are simple, many-celled organisms. Some are like plants. Others are like animals. Algae are one example of protists. Contains many different kinds of organisms. Most protists are single-celled. Some Protist Kingdom do not have a nucleus. Bacteria are examples of monerans. Single-celled organisms. Unlike members of the other four kingdoms, monerans Moneran [muh-ner-un] Kingdom 137
8 FILL IN THE BLANK Complete each statement using a tern; or terms from the list below. Write tour flhlszl CIS UI the spaces provided. Sonic words ;;un, be used more than LIJICC. i single-celled bacteria many nucleus chlorophyll fungi five absorb outside 1. Most scientists accept the kingdom classification system. 2. Plants have cells. 3. Fungi food from their environment. 4. are examples of monerans. 5. Animals take in food from the 6. Mushrooms are one kind of 7. Most protisis are 8. Plants use to make their own food. 9. Animals have cells. 10. Monerans do not have a MATCHING Match each tern; iii Column A will; its descriptio;; hi Column B. Write tl;e correct letter ii; the spa cc provided. Column A Column B 1. Monerans a) one example of protists 2. mushroom N all have many cells and take in food from the outside 3. animals c) all have many cells and make their own food 4. algae d) all are single-celled 5. plants e) one kind of fungi 138
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