Alternative control of Mealybugs in Table grapes and Deciduous fruit

Transcription

1 Alternative control of Mealybugs in Table grapes and Deciduous fruit Vaughn Walton, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon

2 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus) as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Obscure mealybug (Pseudococcus viburni) - phenology - monitoring -control

3 World Distribution Ps. viburni, Ps. maritimus and Ps. longispinus P. ficus Ps. maritimus viburni & longispinus, P. ficus found in 1994 Ps. viburni & longispinus,

4

5 Mealybug species in SA Vineyards P. ficus Ps. longispinus Walton & Pringle 2004a

6 Mealybugs in South African Vineyards and Deciduous fruit orchards Pseudococcus longispinus (Longtailed MB), both Planococcus ficus (Vine MB), only vines Pseudococcus viburni, Deciduous fruit Ferrisia malvastra (found on one occasion only) Walton & Pringle 2004a

7 Mealybugs in California Vineyards Pseudococcus maritimus (Grape MB) Pseudococcus viburni (Obscure MB) Pseudococcus longispinus (Longtailed MB) Planococcus ficus Planococcus citri (Vine MB) (Citrus MB) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Pink hibiscus) CDFA/USDA

8 Ps. maritimus & viburni w/ Ostiolar Excretion Ps. maritimus Grape white/clear red Ps. viburni

9 Ps. longispinus is aptly named minor pest

10 During molts, MB lose wax including tails just molted cast skin Mature adult

11 Hand-lens Comparison Grape Mealybug Complex Ps. maritimus long tail or caudal wax filament 2-3 generations per year development stages are synchronized moderate honeydew production (except for obscure mealybug) P. ficus: waxy filaments same length (no tail ) 5-7 generations per year (SJV) stages overlap throughout year excessive honeydew production feeds on roots and outside of canes

12 Ps. Maritimus, longispinus & viburni damage

13 P. ficus

14 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Leaves, Canes, Cordon, Fruit photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen

15 Summer P. ficus feeding and honeydew excretion forms sugar cones

16 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Defoliation & Raisining

17 Mealybug species in California Vineyards Ps. maritimus Ps. maritimus & longispinus P. ficus (1998) P. ficus (1994) Ps. maritimus, longispinus & viburni

18 Mealybug species in California Vineyards 2005 P. ficus Ps. maritimus P. ficus, Ps. maritimus, & viburni P. ficus P. ficus P. ficus, Ps. maritimus, longispinus & viburni

19 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Rapid California Spread * * Distribution changes rapidly because of new/unreported finds

20 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage P. ficus as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control

21 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Dispersal Mechanisms 1 2 Courtesy Lucia Varela 3 4

22 Sampling follows mealybug colonization patterns

23 Seasonal colonization trends

24 A problem for insecticides, parasitoids, cultural controls, and monitoring programs is that VMB is often found underground! photo courtesy MC Battany

25 Mealybug Density / Distribution within a Vineyard MB density (3-min count) Vine number Row number Fresno & Delano, CA 1998, Geiger et al.

26 P. ficus lifecycle Instar I Egg Instar I Instar II eggs / Instar III Instar II Instar III Prepupae Pupae Walton 2003

27 P. ficus biological parameters Lower threshold=14.6 deg C Upper threshold = 35.4 deg C Developm ent rate (1/T) Temperature deg C P. ficus developmental parameters, Walton & Pringle 2005

28 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Pest Biology

29 Natural Enemies and Refuge Theory (Enemy-free Space) That proportion of the host population (here, VMB) in the refuge is immune to attack from natural enemies; therefore, a large refuge(s) reduces natural enemy activity (Hawkins et al., 1993). Biotic refuge Ants impact VMB natural enemies (regional differences). Abiotic refuge Seasonal availability or exposure periods of VMB. Again, there is a regional difference between Coachella and the SJV (coastal regions?). photo from the web photo courtesy of M. Battany

30 Ants tending

31 Ant / Mealybug Mutualism Exclude ants from vines by applying Tanglefoot every 1-2 wks. Pesticide stem barriers once a season (SA)

32 Ant / Mealybug Mutualism Number in yellow sticky traps nov des jan feb mar no ant control ant control

33 Ant-tending Affects Obscure MB & Parasitism: Complete Ant Control Mealybugs / 5 min. sample Parasitism (%) / 5 min. sample Ant-excluded Ant-tended Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Edna Valley, 1998

34 Less-toxic Ant Controls: Overview Standard ant control, stem barrier treatments of ml/l, 90 days control (from Addison 2002) Fipronil/Mollasis baits (<0.001% a.i.) Cover crop treatments to lure natural enemies and keep ants out of vines Walton & Pringle 2004b Low dose, 3-5 d to kill; ants spread insecticides photo from the web

35 Mealybug weed hosts listed in South Africa Common blackjack (Bidens pilosa) Khaki weed (Tagetes minuta) Small mallow (Malva parviflora) Flax-leaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) Musk Herons Bill (Erodium moshantum) (Similar to Redstem Filaree) Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Walton 2003

36 What disrupts BioControl : VMB LOCATION 100 Parasitoid population location (%) Bunch Leaves New Cane Old Cane Cordon Trunk Soil line Ground Ants 0 A. pseudococci Roots photos by Mariana Krugner

37 Abiotic Mealybug Location Refuge and Parasitism 100 a 80 Parasitism (%) b 0 VMB Exposed (Leaves) VMB Hidden (Under bark)

38 Biological control and physiological limitations Development rate (d -1 ) VMB & Parasitoid: fecundity longevity T development low temperature threshold = C Temperature (C) Daane, Malaker-Kuenin & Walton 2004

39 Biological control and physiological limitations, overwintering 15 Mar ` Outdoors (ambient air temperature) Indoors (insectary) 28 Feb Oviposition date 23 Jan 19 Dec 15 Nov 18 Oct Oct 01 Nov Dec Jan 02 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Anagyrus pseudococci oviposition and adult emergence dates Daane, Malaker-Kuenin & Walton 2004

40 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage P. ficus as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control

41 Insecticide Controls for P. ficus (eradication/suppression?) Recommendation (UC IPM Pest Guidelines) delayed-dormant Lorsban (OP) bloom-time Admire (nicotenoid) in-season with various contacts Lannate/Sevin (blows up mites) Dimethoate (knock down) Applaud (insect growth regulator) post-harvest Lorsban (OP) Cost - $250 per acre photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen

42 Insecticide tests (Insecticide tests of W.J. Bentley, USA) (Insecticide tests V. Walton, SA) Systemic Admire MOST EFFECTIVE! (on drip %, USA only) (SA- hand application, individual vines) Problem Cost for raisin growers Soil type (sandy soil is best) Timing application VMB population dynamics Furrow irrigation

43 Developing methods to apply Admire in furrows (USA)

44 Cluster damage MD Flood Irrigation ab c ab a b 0.0 April May June April/June Control Cluster damage MD Drip Irrigation a a b a c 0.0 April May June April/June Control

45 Insecticide Program Kills 80-95% Standard pesticide program: Delayed dormant w/ Lorsban Spring foliar (e.g., Applaud, Sevin) Bloom-time systemic w/ Admire (16 oz at bloom, repeat in 4-6 wks) Summer/fall foliar (e.g., Applaud (USA), Imidan, Malathion) Insecticides are not 100% because of: Soil type (sandy soil is best) Timing application towards small VMB VMB location on the vine phloem-feeders Furrow irrigation vs drip irrigation Secondary pest outbreaks and IPM programs Vine age (old vines have lots of hiding spots)

46 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage P. ficus as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control

47 Average VMB / vine / timed count Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec P. ficus Density in SJV and Coachella Valley San Joaquin Valley Coachella Valley Harvest 125 Harvest Immatures Adult females 100 parasitism 75 temperatures? Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

48 P. ficus (VMB) Distribution on the Vine San Joaquin Valley Coachella Valley Bunch Leaves New Cane Old Cane Cordon Trunk Ground Roots May Jun Jul Aug Sept Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct Nov Population Distribution (%) Sept

49 VMB Parasitoids Resident and Classical BioControl Anagyrus pseudococci San Joaquin Valley Coachella Valley VMB parasitized (%) Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct

50 Predatory beetles Pros, Cons & Regional Differences Mealybug destroyer photo courtesy of UC IPM Excellent predator of eggs Kill fewer larger mealybugs Field delivery must be timed to ovisacs Strong regional differences found coastal in high densities not efficient at low host densities temperature and humidity

51 Predatory beetles vs parasitoids Pros, Cons Parasitoids/ yellow sticky traps A Predatory beetles/ yellow sticky trap B Percentage stem infestation by P. ficus Density dependent and independant relationship between parasitoids (A), predatory beetles (B) and Planococcus ficus during two seasons Walton 2003

52 Leptomastidea abnormis Anagyrus pseudococci

53 Parasites of vine MB Leptomastix dactylopii female Leptomastix dactylopii male (Walton 2005)

54 Parasites of vine MB of key interest Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Walton 2005) Anagyrus spp. A. diversicornis (Europe) Neoplatycerus kemticus (Egypt)

55 California & SA hyperparasitoids of primaries Chartocerus sp. Marietta sp. Cheilonerus sp. Hyper-parasites of the primary parasites can reduce control when the levels are too high, but can actually help stabilize control.

56 Insectary operations in Hermosillo, Mexico for Anagyrus pseudococci and Leptomastidea abnormis

57 Abiotic Refuge & VMB Distribution: Augmentation a Methodology: 100-vine plots, 3 replicates / site Three vineyards w/ release & control sites Parasitoid release at 50,000 / ac (ca. $180 / ac) Monitor VMB, parasitism, damage Combined w/ or w/o Admire (ca. $150 / ac) Damage Rating (0-3 scale) b b 0.0 Control A. pseudococci Release Admire Application

58 Insectary rearing in Letsitele South Africa, Coccidoxenoides perminutus Walton 2000

59 Augmentation % Vine infestation C peregrinus (x10 000) control block release block C. peregrinus released Sep-03 Dec-01 Mar-01 Dec-00 Mar-00 Jan-00 Mar-99 Nov-98 Feb-98 Dec-97 Mar-97 Jan-97 Feb-96 Nov-95 Relationship between vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus ) infestation and Coccidoxenoides peregrinus releases in a table grape vineyard in the Hex River Valley Walton & Pringle 2003

60 Augmentation Mean percentage stem infestation level 10 8 A Control Buffer 6 Release /28/99 01/09/01 05/24/02 Mean percentage stem infestation level B /28/99 01/09/01 05/24/02 Average cost over three seasons = 92 USD Average cost over three seasons = 125 USD

61 Augmentation Percentage bunch infestation Control Buffer Release 1998/ / / /2002 Walton & Pringle 2003

62 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage P. ficus as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control

63 Microencapsulated sex pheromone and mating disruption VMB / vine / 2 min search a b Control Sex pheromone

64 Developing early warning tools: Pheromone Monitoring

65 Microencapsulated sex pheromone and mating disruption 600 control dispensers pheromone spray Control Dispensers Pheromone spray /10/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /03/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/18 Vine mealybug males caught in traps baited with pheromone impregnated septum. Mean counts of all mealybug stages using timed counts on vines Total no of adult male vine mealybug caught Mean VMB counted

66 Pheromone Monitoring 160 B) Density VMB males / trap / wk VMB per 5 min sample

67

68 200 Male mealybugs trap -1 week Walton et al Distance (m)

69 10000 Vine mealybugs per trap per week Aged 1 wk Aged 2 wk Aged 3 wk Fresh lure Control 1 Aug 7 Sept 1 Oct 1 Sample date

70 Fine tuning the low counts log VMB males Time of Day Temperature (F)

71 Effect of trap color on male mealybug catches. 60 Mean adult male mealybugs caught Blue Green Yellow Red Trap color

72 Average stem infestation (%) plot -1 season Hex River Valley 2001, 2002 Stellenbosch 2001, 2002 Robertson 2001, Walton et al 2004 Average mealybug trap -1 sample date -1

73 Average stem infestation (%) plot -1 sample date` Hex River Valley Hex River Valley Mar Hex River Valley - 4 Stem counts Pheromone traps Dec 1 Jan 1, 2003 Feb 1 Nov 1 Oct 1 Sept 1 Apr 1 Mar 1 Feb 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Jan 1, 2002 Sept 1 Average mealybug trap -1 sample date -1

74 Average stem infestation (%) plot -1 sample date Mar 1 Dec 1 Jan 1, 2003 Feb 1 Nov 1 Oct 1 Sept 1 Apr 1 Mar 1 Feb 1 Jan 1, 2002 Robertson - m Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 1 Sept Robertson - ca Robertson - ch Stem counts Pheromone traps Average mealybug trap -1 sample date -1

75 Ground Validation w/ >65 VMB/trap

76 Movement of VMB from a point infestation Clean blocks Original Infestation (about 2 ac) Hotspot blocks Area shown about 50 acres San Luis Obispo County infestation (found in 2001), courtesy MC Battany

77 Ground Validation w/ >65 VMB/trap D = Sampling error stems leaves bunches Probability stems bunches Proportion infested Proportion infested Sampling Fig. error 5.1. Sampling plotted against error, D, stems, plotted leaves against and bunches proportion infested of with stems, vine leaves mealybug, and bunches Planococcus ficus. infested with vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Operating Fig 5.2. characteristic Operating characteristic curve (OC) for curve sampling (OC) for Planococcus sampling Planococcus ficus on stems ficus and on bunches stems using and a economic bunches threshold using a (ET) economic of 5% threshold infestation (ET) per of block. 5 % infestation per block. Monitoring protocol determined presence-absence sampling of 100 vines after 65 VMB males/trap found Accuracy determined - 99% Action threshold determined act when infestation is above 2%

78 Outcomes for sampling and an integrated control protocol New environmentally friendly control options Focus attention on crucial times of the season Focus attention on problem areas at production units Physical accurate monitoring protocol determined 100 vines/ha, bi-weekly from October Accuracy determined - 99% Action threshold determined act when infestation is above 2% Control costs more than halved Walton 2004b

79 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage Vine Mealybug as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni on apples and pears - phenology - monitoring - control

80 Ps. viburni on apple & pear Left to right: citrophilus (Planococcus citri), long-tailed (Pseudocccus longispinus), obscure mealybugs (Ps. viburni). (Photo, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij).

81 Infestation symptoms Honeydew & black sooty mold in calyx of fruit Severe infestations, mealybugs forced out of calyx of fruit, presence of ants

82 Field collection & search Lab search & analysis

83 Apple orchard refuge sites No refuge sites on smooth bark, but under stem barriers Photo s, K.L. Pringle Many refuge sites in galled roots caused by woolly apple aphid,waa (Eriosoma lanigerum)

84 Most suitable plant parts for mealybugs, SA findings Inside fruit calyxes, 62% On main trunk area under bark, 28 %

85 Which plant parts are infested? Number mealybugs Ground & trunk 2003/ /2005 Old canes New canes Armpit Fruit (inside calyx) Fig. 2. Number of mealybugs found on each plant part during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 in three deciduous fruit growing areas.

86 28% 0% Armpit (between main stem and secondary branches) Fruit (inside calyx) Ground New shoots 9% 1% 62% Old shoots Trunk Percentage mealybugs found on each plant part through the season in three deciduous fruit growing areas during 2003/2004.

87 Ceres Grabouw Stellenbosch /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/02 Fig. 1d. Mean obscure mealybugs per 100 trees on all plant parts in three deciduous fruit production areas during 2004/2005. Mean mealybugs/100 trees

88 Determine fruit infestation by cutting fruit 12 % Fruit infested Grabouw Ceres Stellenbosch 0 11/19/ /19/2004 1/18/2005 2/17/2005 3/19/2005 Fig. 4a. Percent fruit infestation in three deciduous fruit growing areas during 2004/2005.

89 Determine fruit infestation by cutting fruit 0.6 Proportion infested Stellenbosch Grabouw Ceres /25/05 11/23/05 11/24/05 12/6/05 12/20/05 1/16/06 1/30/06 2/13/06 Date Fig. 4b. Proportion f ruit inf estation in three deciduous f ruit growing areas during 2005/2006.

90 Mean count Ceres Grabouw Stellenbosch harvest 8/12/05 11/23/05 12/22/05 1/2/06 1/16/06 1/30/06 2/15/06 3/1/06 10/20/06 Date Fig. 1e. Mean obscure mealybugs per 100 trees in three deciduous fruit production areas during 2005/2006.

91 Biological control Australian studies have indicated that the availability of refuge sites on the trees is the main factor limiting populations Mealybugs displaced from these sites by overcrowding were susceptible to harsh climatic conditions, such as high temperatures and low humidity both natural enemies and climate are now considered important in the mortality of older mealybugs Natural enemies have been shown to cause high mortality of longtailed mealybug in Australia and play a key role in population dynamics Photo, Universal Chalcidoidea database

92 Natural enemies on Ps. viburni Most of the listed specialized natural enemies are koinobionts, meaning that they will rarely search for mealybugs in hidden areas such as fruit calyxes Australian and New Zealand studies highlighted the following: Attacked by wasps; Coccophagus gurneyi (Aphelinidae) and Ophelosia spp. (Pteromalidae) Predators, lacewing, Cryptoscenea australiensis, and midge Diadiplosis koebelei Parasitoid with particular promise, Pseudaphycus maculipennis Mass releases of the predatory beetle C. montrouzieri

93 Standard Pesticide applications: effect on biological control Date 30/09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/2004 Pesticide Prothiofos Prothiofos Azinphos-methyl Azinphos-methyl Azinphos-methyl Azinphos-methyl Chlorpyrifos Azinphos-methyl Azinphos-methyl Trade name Tokuthion Tokuthion Azinphos Azinphos Azinphos Azinphos Chlorpyrifos Azinphos Azinphos

94 Percent parasitism & biological control Year Sprayed Unsprayed 2004/ % (n=469) 12.12% (n=99) 2005/ % (n=154) 17.8% (n=286)

95 Outline: Mealybug species descriptions & geographic ranges damage Vine Mealybug as an example control, pesticides & environmental effect regional climate influence on pest distribution natural enemies parasitoid augmentation sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control

96 Monitoring with pheromones on apples and pears Male mealybugs Percent fruit infestation Fig. 5. Number of adult male mealybugs caught in pheromone traps on percent fruit infestation during 2005/2006.

97 Control: Mating disruption with pheromones for Ps. viburni? First determine reproductive genetics Determine cost of pheromone Consider alternatives such as bio-control Exclude infested blocks by monitoring with pheromones Identify blocks which are high risk

98 Acknowledgements: Producers for collaboration Oregon State University University of California Berkeley DFPT Kent Daane, Jocelyn Millar, Ken Pringle FDF (Fruit Development Foundation) Chile

99 Thank you!