New Chemistries for Pest Management

Transcription

1 New Chemistries for Pest Management Mike Doerr and Jay Brunner Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center

2 Reality Check EPA has banned the use of Lorsban in the post-bloom on apple. Pre-bloom use of Lorsban still allowed. Historically 80-90% of Lorsban use has been in the pre-bloom period

3 Normal Nerve Synapse Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Axon Impulse (Na + ) x x Na + Impulse (Na + ) Na+ K+ Cl - ase ase

4 Lorsban-MOA Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ K+ Axon Impulse (Na + ) Cl - Lorsban x ase Na + Na + x ase Impulse (Na + ) Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

5 Lorsban-summer uses Leafroller Long-time emergency product Recently less effective Lacanobia fruitworm Best product Codling Moth Negative cross-resistance

6 Detriments of Lorsban Neurotoxin Broad-spectrum neuroactive OP Worker safety issues Negative effects on natural enemies WTLM parasitoid (P. flavipes) Leafroller parasitoid complex (C. florus) Aphid predators Campylomma, deraeocoris

7 Leafroller alternatives Bt- old product, effective and cheap Success (spinosad)- v. good at Petal fall Confirm, Intrepid- petal fall app. is best Surround- effects behavior Pyrethroids (Asana, Pounce) Carbamates (Lannate) Pheromones- MD and A&K Disruptive to mite biocontrol

8 Lacanobia alternatives Success Best against young larvae, 14 d residual Thiodan Most suitable bail-out product Confirm/Intrepid Best against young larvae, 21 d residual Surround Deters colonization of young larvae

9 Guthion CM alternatives Not free from regulatory concerns Imidan similar regulatory concerns as Guthion Pheromones Mating disruption and Attract & Kill Horticultural oils Esteem Confirm/Intrepid Suppression only, Use with mating disruption

10 SJS Alternatives Delayed dormant oil Very effective at controlling SJS all season Diazinon Still under action of FQPA Not highly active against SJS No new promising products

11 WAA alternatives Diazinon Still under action of FQPA Dimethoate High human toxicity Highly toxic to most natural enemies Horticultural oil Suppresses colonies

12 Organophosphates Guthion, Imidan, Diazinon, Dimethoate MOA has been 1 target of FQPA thus far Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors Not free from regulatory actions Common Modes of Action (aggregate exposure) Worker Safety Standards (extended REI) CM, LR, Lacanobia resistant to Guthion

13 Lannate (Carbamate) Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ K+ Axon Impulse (Na + ) Cl - Carbamates x ase Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor x ase Na + Na + Impulse (Na + )

14 Asana/Pounce (Pyrethroids) Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na + K + Axon Impulse (Na + ) Cl - x x ase Na + Na + Impulse (Na + ) Pyrethroids block the Cl channel Excessive induced release of

15 Thiodan Similar MOA as pyrethroids Blocks the chloride channel No means of suppressing release Chlorinated hydrocarbon, old chemistry at risk under FQPA Toxic to apple rust mites

16 Success Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ K+ Axon Impulse (Na + ) Cl - x Competes with acetylcholine on post-synaptic m/b Not removed by ase S S Na + ase x ase Na + Impulse (Na + )

17 Success Naturally derived fermentation product Stomach poison, must be ingested= moderately selective Large compound that doesn t easily penetrate skin Relatively low mammalian toxicity Danger of resistance

18 Insect Growth Regulators Concentration Juvenile hormone Molting hormone

19 Insect Growth Regulators Very safe and selective (must be ingested) Juvenile Hormone Mimic Esteem Similar to Comply Die as larval-pupal intermediary Molting Hormone Confirm/Intrepid (Molt Accelerating Cmpds) Premature, lethal molt Intrepid more active than Confirm Neem products New formulations appear to be more effective

20 B. thuringiensis Effective and cheap Specific to lepidopteran Alkaline gut Highly selective Target young larvae Actively feeding 10 d residual Sublethal effect on normal phenology

21 Surround (kaolin) Effects behavior Colonization of young larvae Oviposition of adults? Some mortality Additive effect of multiple applications Moderately selective Mites Leafminer parasitoid

22 Pheromones Highly selective Several options of MD Not all tested in Washington New delivery techniques Puffers, sprayable Attract and Kill Limited experience Issues remain with delivery system

23 Horticultural oil High safety Highly selective 1 effect on exposed eggs Multiple applications necessary Concerns over plant health

24 Future Hope Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ K+ Axon Impulse (Na + ) Cl - Neonicitinoids x N Na + N Na + ase x ase Compete with on post-synpt m/b Impulse (Na + )

25 Future Hope Neonicitinoids Provado-like, with broader spectrum of activity Actara, Platinum (thiamethoxam) Active against GMB, possible section 18 Assail (acetamiprid), Calypso (thiacloprid) Lepidopteran activity Safe OP Replacement, close to registration

26 Future Hope Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ K+ Axon Impulse (Na + ) Ca x ++ Ca x ++ x x Cl - ase Proclaim (emamectin benzoate)- enhanced flow of Cl -, stopping release of Agrimek-like with lepidopteran activity

27 Future Hope Pre-synpt neuron synapse Post-synpt neuron Na+ Axon x x x Impulse (Na + ) Na+ K + Avaunt (indoxacarb) Sodium channel blocker PLR and Lacanobia, but NOT OBLR

28 Pirimor (pirimicarb) Future Hope Fulfill (pymetrozine) Aphicides Prevent insects from inserting their stylus into the plant, paralyze food pump. Applaud (buprofezin) Aphids, psylla, leafhopper IGR Chitinase inhibitor/chitin deposition (Dimilin-like) IR4 list

29 Future Hope Aphistar (triazamate) Aphicide, esp WAA ase inhibitor Somewhat selective to natural enemies Registration possible in 2001

30 Future Hope CM granulosis virus (Carpovirusine) registered in US, effectively used in Europe Specific to CM Other species affected by specific granulosis viruses Potential supplement to MD.

31 Lacanobia Larvae Leafrollers Larvae Codling Moth Apr hatch hatch May June July Aug Sep Oct

32 Summary Replacements for broadspectrum insecticides being developed and getting registered Softer nerve poisons Success, Neonicitinoids, Proclaim, Pirimor Insect growth regulators Intrepid, Confirm, Esteem, Ecozin (neem), Applaud Behavior modifiers Mating Disruption, Surround Miscellaneous Oil, Bt, Virus