Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

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1 Natural and Biological Controls of Shade Tree Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

2 Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations

3 Temperature Extremes Heavy Rainfall Abiotic (Weather-related) Controls of Insects

4 N Natural Enemies Predators Parasitoids Pathogens

5 Characteristics of Insect Predators Immature stages actively hunt prey Several prey are consumed in the course of development Adults may or may not have similar food needs as immature form

6 Some Common Arthropod Predators Lady beetles Ground beetles Clerid beetles Lacewings Flower flies Robber flies Mantids Assassin bugs Predatory stink bugs Minute pirate bugs Predatory thrips Predatory mites All spiders

8 Most lady beetle adults are brightly colored

9 Photograph courtesy Jim Kalisch

11 The bad apple of the lady beetle clan

12 Adult Eggs Mexican bean beetle - a plant feeding lady beetle Larva Pupa

13 Adults Eggs Lady Beetle Life Stages Larva Pupae

14 Twospotted lady beetle with newly laid egg mass

15 Lady beetles with egg masses

16 Lady beetles lay masses of eggs near sources of food for their young

17 Lady beetle larvae at egg hatch

18 Lady beetle larvae Predators of small softbodied arthropods (aphids etc )

19 Some odd looking lady beetle larvae Woolly looking larvae that feed on scale insects Spider mite specialists are tiny

20 Lady beetle prepupae

21 Lady beetle pupae

22 Multicolored Asian lady beetle Convergent lady beetles

23 Adult lady beetles emerging from the pupa

24 Purchasing lady beetles?

25 Convergent lady beetle the lady beetle of commerce

28 Purchasing lady beetles?

29 Lady beetle releases are fun

30 Clerid Beetles Coleoptera: Cleridae

31 Clerid Beetles Adults feed on insects present on the bark Larvae feed on insects under the bark

32 Green Lacewings Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

33 Adult green lacewings sustain themselves on nectar and pollen

35 Green lacewing eggs are uniquely stalked

36 Green lacewing eggs often are laid in groups. Egg hatch has occurred in the lower picture.

37 Photographs courtesy of Brian Valentine

38 Right: Green lacewing larva eating leaf beetle larva Left: Green lacewing larva eating aphid

40 Green lacewing pupae, within cocoons

41 Green lacewing eggs are available from many suppliers that rear/distribute insects

42 Brown Lacewings Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae

43 Brown lacewing adults

44 Brown lacewing larvae

45 Flower (Syrphid) Flies

46 Syrphid flies are excellent mimics of bees and wasps Honey Bees Flower (Syrphid) Flies

49 Syrphid fly eggs are typically laid in an aphid colony

50 Photograph courtesy Brian Valentine

51 Flower fly larvae

52 Syrphid smear

53 Predatory Hemiptera Predatory stink bugs Assassin bugs Damsel bugs Minute pirate bugs Geocoris spp. seed bugs Daereocoris spp. plant bugs

54 Minute pirate bugs Hemiptera: Anthocoridae

55 Feeding on a thrips Feeding on a small caterpillar Nymph feeding on an aphid Adult feeding on spider mite eggs

56 Assassin Bugs Hemiptera: Reduviidae

57 An Assassin Bug - Zelus luridus Egg mass and nymph Adult Nymph feeding on wasp

58 Photograph by Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus) Largest regional assassin bug

59 Ambush Bugs Phymata spp.

60 Clockwise from upper right: Ambush bug feeding on a sweat bee, fritillary butterfly, and honey bee.

61 Predatory Stink Bugs Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

62 Stink bugs with prey

63 Spiders Order Araneae

64 Some spiders use webbing to snare prey

65 Some spiders hunt prey without the aid of silk

66 Characteristics of Insect Parasitoids Larvae develop in, rarely on, their hosts One or more larvae develop in a single host They are invariably lethal to the host parasitoids Adults often have different food needs Nectar, honeydew Pollen Insect blood feeding may occur

67 Common Insect Parasitoids Parasitic Hymenoptera Braconid wasps Ichneumonid wasps Chalcid wasps Eulophid wasp Trichogrammatid wasps Parasitic Diptera Tachinid flies

68 Parasitic Wasps Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, Encrytidae, Chalcidae and other families

69 Parasitic wasps sustain themselves on nectar and pollen

70 Some parasitic wasps Females possess an ovipositor ( stinger )

71 Photograph courtesy Brian Valentine

72 Parasitic Wasps Male (left) and Female (right)

73 Ectoparasitic wasp larvae on fall webworm caterpillar host

74 Parasitoid larvae emerging from caterpillar host

75 Parasitoid larvae (Cotesia glomeratus) emerging from cabbageworm host and spinning pupal cocoons

76 Cocoons of cabbageworm parasitoid

77 Some parasitoids pupate on the insect host. Left: Buck moth caterpillar Below: Tobacco hornworm

79 Giant Ichneumon Wasp, Parasitoid of the Pigeon Tremex Horntail

80 Pigeon Tremex and Giant Ichneumon Wasp Fact Sheet 5.604

81 Pigeon tremex a wood boring wasp of deciduous trees in decline

83 Giant ichneumon wasp the most spectacular natural enemy of the pigeon tremex

84 Ovipositor Sheaths

85 Egg parasitoids

86 Trichogramma wasps, a type of egg parasitoid

87 What s wrong with this picture?

88 Aphid parasitoids

89 Host evaluation Oviposition Photographs courtesy of Brian Valentine

90 Aphid Mummies Aphid showing early symptoms of parasitism

96 Parasitized psyllids (above) and European soft scale (below) Parasitized aphids (above) and oystershell scale (below)

98 Tachinid Flies

100 Tachinid fly eggs on tent caterpillar (above), squash bug nymphs (upper right), Japanese beetle

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Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

Recognizing and Working with Natural Enemies of Garden Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations N Natural