Developing Off-season Production Technique for Rambutan
|
|
- Aubrey Perry
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Developing Off-season Production Technique for Rambutan By Roedhy Poerwanto Center for Tropical Fruits Studies Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia 8/21/2009 1
2 Introduction As a tropical country, Indonesia is rich in fruits of several species, one of which is rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.). Rambutan is one of Indonesian s native fruit trees. In Indonesia, rambutan is categorized into primary fruit and it comes around 3.5% of total fruit production. Its short selflife has been a constraint in its distribution. As a result, export of the fruit is very limited and can only be done by air. 8/21/2009 2
3 Rambutan Production and Harvesting Area Production (ton) Production (ton) Years Harvesting Area (Ha) 8/21/ Harvesting Area (Ha)
4 Rambutan Producing Areas Sumatra Java Borneo Celebes Borneo : South Borneo (Banjarmasin) Celebes : N. Celebes, C. Celebes, S. Celebes Sumatra: Aceh, N. Sumatra, W. Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Lampung Java : DKI Jakarta, W. Java, C. Java, E. Java 8/21/2009 4
5 Indonesian Variety of Rambutan Varieties Rapiah Lebak Bulus Binjai Garuda Characteristics of fruit Very sweet with good aroma, hair is coarse with yellow colour, fruit is small, low productivity, Combine of sweet & sour, juice, hair is dense with red colour, fruit size medium, high productivity Sweet & dry with a bit of sour, skin bright to dark red the hair is not so dense, fruit size medium and relatively productive Sweet, fruit size is very big, red hair with yellow tip, high productivity Productivity (kg/tree) /21/2009 5
6 Rambutan Variety Lebak Bulus Binjai Rapiah Garuda 8/21/2009 6
7 OFF-SEASON PRODUCTION Either at tropical or temperate region the fruit production is seasonal. At peak season oversupply of fruits always happen and at off-season there is no supply at all. This condition is not economically interesting because it cause sharp fluctuation of fruit price. Prolonging the fruiting season, which earlier the beginning of the season and delaying the end of season could benefit farmers and consumers. The orchard can be managed to flower at difference time, or it is not all trees produce flower and fruit at the same time. This can be achieved by improvement of off-season fruit production technology. 8/21/2009 7
8 Satsuma Off-season Production in Japan Growing cycle of satsuma mandarin in Japan Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Natural condition Very early cv Early cv. Late cv. Off-season cropping Early forcing Late forcing Very early cv. : Miyamoto, Ueno, Yamakawa Early cv. : Miyagawa, Okitsu Late cv. : Aoshima, Hayashi, Sugiyama, Otsu No.4, 8/21/2009 8
9 FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS One of the critical points on fruit production is the induction and development of flowers. From several experiments on tropical fruit trees, it was found that flowering induction need suppression of vegetative growth. The suppression of vegetative growth occurred because the trees were exposed to drought stress. Drought stress in the dry season is the main factor for flower induction. In almost all tropical fruit trees, the induction of flowering occurs during the dry season and the flowers emerge at the beginning of the rainy season, with fruit harvested 3-6 months later. 8/21/2009 9
10 Drought Stress Main factors for flower induction of tropical fruit trees: Mangoes: 3 dry months Citrus: 1-2 dry months Rambutan: Binjani & Garuda: 2 weeks of draught stress Rapiah, Lebak Bulus: 1 month of drought stress The buds will differentiate to form flowers after the trees experience the water stress. To produce numerous and good flowers, trees need a favorable environment for growth and development of flowers after induction of the flowers in dry season. 8/21/
11 FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS It is difficult to obtain soil conditions dry enough to induce flowering during the rainy season. There are several ways that can be used for flower forcing of fruit trees, including: manipulation of air and soil temperature, water stress, girdling, and application of plant growth regulators. 8/21/
12 FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS Induction of flowering on citrus and other fruit trees depends on decreasing in gibberellins activity. Flower formation of several tropical fruit trees can be inhibited with applications of gibberellins. Gibberellins activity on citrus leaves of inducted branches were lower than non-inducted branches. Application of gibberellins has been shown to inhibit flowering Therefore, application of anti-gibberellins can be expected to force the tree into flowering. Paclobutrazol, a substance that inhibits gibberellins biosynthesis, induced flowering in several tropical fruit trees. 8/21/
13 PACLOBUTRAZOL Poerwanto et al. (2008) developed: the technology to manipulate mangoes, mangosteen, citrus, durian to flower and produce fruit off-season using a combination of paclobutrazol and KNO 3 application. However, this technology was not effective for rambutan 8/21/
14 Ringing On Year Healthy Rambutan Trees subjected to be treated Ringing by discarding bark in the trunk on: April 22, May 6, May 20, June 3, June 17 One month after ringing, the wound has recovered, the tress sprayed with 30 g/l KNO3 on: 1 month after ringing 2 month after ringing 3 month after ringing 8/21/
15 Effects of Ringing and KNO3 Spraying on Rambutan Flowering & Fruit Production Treatments Flowering Time (DAT) Flowering Date Inflorescences per tree Flowers per Inflorescence Production (kg) Check OCK Time of Ringing No Ringing a 8 AUG ab 22-Apr b 13-Jun b 6 May b 26-Jun a 20 May b 13-Jul ab 3 June b 24-Jul b 17 June c 28-Jul ab Time of KNO 3 Spraying (month after ringing): No KNO a 1 month a 2 months a 3 months a 8/21/
16 Ringing Off Year Treatment: Control Ringing Ringing followed by spraying KNO3 Month of Ringing April 2000 May 2000 June /21/
17 Effects of Ringing and KNO3 Spraying on Flowering of Rambutan in Off-Year Treatments Flowering Date Flowering Time (DAT) Inflorescence per tree Production (kg) Ringing on April: Control 25/9 (2 trees)* Ringing 18/7-23/ Ringing + KNO / Ringing May: Control 28/9(2 trees)* Ringing 9/8 4 / Ringing + KNO / Ringing June: Control 20 /9(1 trees)* Ringing 6/8 14/ Ringing + KNO3 16/8 14 / /21/
18 Rining in On-year & Off-year No Ringing in on-year No Ringing in off-year Ringing in off-year Ringing in on-year: No Ringing in off-year Ringing in off-year The trees were sprayed with KNO 3 one month after ringing treatment Observation on Off-Year: - number and length of shoot, number of inflorescences, number of flowers, fruit set and fruit production - starch content (leaves, bark of branch, small root) - nitrogen content (leaves) 8/21/
19 Effect of Ringing in Flowering and Fruiting of Rambutan at Off-Year Treatment Days to Flowering No. of Inflorescences No of Fruits Bunch No. of Fruit/ Bunch Number of Fruits/tree No Ringing in On-Year No Ringing in Off-Year Ringing in Off- Year Ringing in On-Year 109 b b 364 a 86 a b 1713 c No Ringing in Off-Year Ringing in Off- Year 113 b b 906 bc 92 a b 896 b 8/21/
20 Figure 1. Starch fluctuation in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai % Starch No Ringing in 2000 and 1999 No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and WAR 1 WAR 2 WAR 3 WAR 4 WAR 8 WAR 12 WAR 35 WAR Time of Sampling 8/21/
21 Figure 2. Nitrogen fluctuation in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai % Nitrogen No Ringing in 2000 and 1999 No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and WAR 1 WAR 2 WAR 3 WAR 4 WAR 8 WAR 12 WAR 35 WAR Time of Sampling 8/21/
22 Figure 3. C/N Ratio in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai C/N Ratio No Ringing in 2000 and 1999 No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999 Ringing in 2000 and WAR 1 WAR 2 WAR 3 WAR 4 WAR 8 WAR 12 WAR 35 WAR Time of Sampling 8/21/
23 How ringing induce flowering? Inhibition of photosynthate translocation from shoot to the roots: increasing of C/N ratio in the shoots. roots lack of energy to do their activities: the capacity and the ability of roots decreases significantly in: absorbing water, absorbing mineral nutrition, synthesizing of growth hormone. Low rate of mineral nutrition absorption, especially nitrogen increase C/N ratio in the shoots Less water absorption will results in physiological water stress in the plants. Decrease synthesis of hormone including gibberellins. 8/21/
24 THE ROLE OF KNO 3 Accelerate the emergence of Rambutan flowers: Flowers sprouted 2 months earliear (August vs October) dormancy breaking substances, to break the dormant bud, especially generative buds in deciduous trees K +: increasing translocation of sucrose from leaves to buds, in the increase of sucrose synthesis, increase in sucrose transportation rate in apoplast of leaves mesophyl, increase sucrose content in phloem, direct impact of the increase of osmose pressure 8/21/
25 PRECAUTIONS USING THIS TECHNIQUE Must be mature trees; at least they have produce fruits for 2-3 times. The bark discard from the trunk must be less than 2 cm, as the wound completely recover after up to 2 years. The wider the bark discard, the late the wound recover. The wound must be covered with black plastic tape soon after ringing to assure the callus grows without any obstructions. The trees must be sprayed with g/l KNO 3 at one month after ringing, to force the flower buds to spout. Foliar spray with KNO 3 in concentration more than 40 g/l cause the leaves drop. Several trees decease after producing off-season fruits at the second year ringed. Thus the treatment may be done only one time in two years (after the wound completely recover). 8/21/
26 Thank You 8/21/
27 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? Ringing affected the starch reserve in the top and roots of the trees. It inhibits translocation of photosynthate from shoot to the roots so that carbohydrate accumulates in the shoots. In the trees that got ringing, the starch content in the leaves and the bark of the twigs was higher while that in the roots was lower. Trees that got ringing have higher starch content in their leaves and twigs than those getting no ringing. The increase of starch content in the leaves caused the C/N ratio to be higher when the trees were induced to flower. C/N ratio of the leaves went up 44-70% higher in a week after ringing and 24% higher when the trees were induced to flower. A high ratio of C/N in shoots is important in flowering. 8/21/
28 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? It seems that in Rambutan trees, accumulation of carbohydrate in the shoots is needed for flower induction. The flower induction in Binjai rambutan was affected by the increase of carbohydrate content in the top. The regression value between number of inflorescences and the starch content in the leaves was 98.4% (very significant) and between numbers of inflorescences with the starch content in the twig bark was 97.8%. As there was more starch content in the top, the trees flower faster. 8/21/
29 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? When the first flowers appear, the starch content in the leaves and the bark decreased. The content in the twig bark was 5-9% lower compared with that in Week 3 while that in the leaves decreased as much as 21% compared with that in Week 8. This happened because the starch was hydrolyzed and sent to meristem for flower induction. This indicated that there was a conversion of starch into soluble sugar and it moved to meristem where flowers are induced. 8/21/
30 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? Inhibition in translocation of carbohydrate to the roots will make them lack of energy to do their activity. The flowering time was not only affected by the starch accumulation in the top and C/N ratio, but also by decreasing starch content in the roots. The starch content in the roots of the trees that got ringing treatment was lower than those that did not, and the trees flowered earlier. The regression result indicated that the starch content in the root with the flowering time had the value of 99.6% (very significant). 8/21/
31 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? As a result, the function of roots in absorbing water, mineral nutrition, and synthesizing of growth hormone decreases. Low absorption of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen due to ringing will also increase C/N ratio in the shoots of the trees. 8/21/
32 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? Less water absorption will results in physiological water stress in the plants. From the previous research it is identified that water stress will induce flowers of several fruit trees. Water stress will hydrolyze starch and protein to be a simpler form to be used by plants to induce flowers. 8/21/
33 HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN RAMBUTAN? A decrease in the starch accumulation in the root due to ringing was predicted to cause a decrease in the ability of roots synthesize hormone including gibberellins. Imbalance of the hormone in the root affected gibberellins distribution to top part of the tree. The flower induction in rambutan supposes need a decrease of gibberellins in the top of the tree. The result of our previous research indicates that GA3 content of rambutan leaves was at a minimum level during the dormant phase before flowering 8/21/
34 THE ROLE OF KNO 3 Application of KNO 3 accelerate the emergence of Rambutan flowers. The trees that were not given any treatment at all produced flowers in early October, while tress that were not treated with ringing but sprayed with KNO 3 flowered in early August. Spraying of KNO 3 one month after ringing led the trees produced flowers earliest. Hence, without being sprayed with KNO 3, the plants given ringing can produced flowers, but when they are sprayed one month after ringing, flowers will emergence 20 days earlier. The spraying of KNO 3 does not have any effects on the number of inflorescences, number of flowers per inflorescence and the size of inflorescence. 8/21/
35 THE ROLE OF KNO 3 KNO 3, a dormancy breaking substances, is applied to break the dormant Rambutan bud. Potassium Nitrate turns to have the ability of breaking dormant buds, especially generative buds in deciduous trees KNO 3 is able to break dormant bud of mango trees. The results of previous experiment with mangoes also indicate that KNO 3 can break the dormant flower buds that as a results of paclobutrazol treatment. 8/21/
36 THE ROLE OF KNO 3 The ability of KNO 3 in breaking dormancy might be related to the role of ion K + in: increasing translocation of sucrose from leaves to buds, in the increase of sucrose synthesis, increase in sucrose transportation rate in apoplast of leaves mesophyl, increase sucrose content in phloem, direct impact of the increase of osmose pressure 8/21/
37 Paclobutrazol, apply to the roots by soil drenching, or to leaves or buds, able to induce off-season flowering of mango and mangosteen. The ability of paclobutrazol to induce off-season flowering is based on its effect on inhibiting gibberellins biosynthesis. Paclobutrazol 8/21/
38 Application Method of Paclobutrazol Paclobutrazol usually apply through soil drenching However on mango foliar spray is also effective as well. Application by foliar spray could be the choice of technique since it has no residual effect, while soil drenching application will have residual effect for more than 2 years 8/21/
39 Mango As other fruits, In Indonesia, flower induction of mango is occurred on dry season. However, not like other fruit trees, the mango need 2-3 months drought to flower, and flower will develop even though the rainy season is not started yet. Induction of off-season flowering of mango is relatively easy. Soil-drench application of paclobutrazol followed by foliar spray of KNO3 is effective for flower forcing of mango. 8/21/
40 Mangosteen Mangosteen flower is induced by drought stress at dry season, and the flowers develop and differentiate soon after the beginning of rainy season. Mangosteen tree can be induced for earlier flowering by using drought stress or application of paclobutrazol that inhibit gibberellins biosynthesis. 8/21/
41 Durian Naturally durian trees are only induced to flower by dry season and the flower develops at the beginning of rainy season. The second period of flowering is happen at the middle of rainy season if at the first period flower has not developed into fruit. Application of paclobutrazol for flower induction is less successful for durian. Paclobutrazol is only effective if applied during dry season while in nature the induction is also happen at dry season. to be effective to force durian to flower, the application of paclobutrazol need to be accompanied by several weeks of drought. While without paclobutrazol, drought season is already a good stress to induce flowering on durian. 8/21/
42 FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS There are several ways that can be used for flower forcing of fruit trees, including: manipulation of air and soil temperature, water stress, girdling, and application of plant growth regulators. Paclobutrazol, applied to the roots by soil drenching, or to leaves or buds, was able to induce off-season flowering of mangoes and mangosteen. The ability of paclobutrazol to induce off-season flowering was based on its effect on inhibiting gibberellins biosynthesis. 8/21/
43 Rambutan Earlier experimental results: the application of paclobutrazol + by dormancy breaking substance mango, mangosteen, durian, and citrus trees flower in off-season. However, the same treatment given to rambutan trees has not indicated any satisfactory results. Therefore, another treatment to induce rambutan flowers in off-season has been conducted by applying ringing technique 8/21/
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE. Botany. Department of. and. Plant Sciences.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Department of Botany and Plant Sciences www.ucr.edu $Plant Growth Regulator $ Strategies and Avocado Phenology and Physiology $ $ Carol Lovatt Professor of Plant Physiology
More informationTrees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing
BASIC TREE BIOLOGY Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing Roots: absorb water and minerals store energy support and anchor
More informationPlant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota
Plant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota Llewellyn L. Manske PhD, Sheri Schneider, John A. Urban, and Jeffery J. Kubik Report DREC 10-1077 Range Research Program Staff North
More informationcan affect division, elongation, & differentiation of cells to another region of plant where they have an effect
Note that the following is a rudimentary outline of the class lecture; it does not contain everything discussed in class. Plant Hormones Plant Hormones compounds regulators growth or can affect division,
More informationPhysiology of Flowering in Lychee Trees grown in Mountainous Areas of Thailand
Physiology of Flowering in Lychee Trees grown in Mountainous Areas of Thailand Daruni Naphrom Pittaya Sruamsiri Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 52 Chiti
More informationTREES. Functions, structure, physiology
TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological
More informationEFFECTS OF CROP LOAD ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF CITRUS
EFFECTS OF CROP LOAD ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF CITRUS HOS 6545 ADVANCED CITRICULTURE I Regulation of Vegetative Growth L. GENE ALBRIGO Smith, P.F. 1976. Collapse of Murcott tangerine trees. J. Amer. Soc.
More informationCAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are
Examining the Structures of a Tree CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are some terms that may be new to you. These terms are used to describe various tree structures. Not surprisingly, many terms
More informationGAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
More informationIs that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda!
Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda! 1 Using Plant Growth Regulators Growth regulators DO NOT interfere with plant respiration, photosynthesis, or other internal plant functions
More informationPOTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD. by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey
POTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey Low K High K High K Low K Low K High K Low K High K Control K Deficiency Cakmak et al., 1994, J. Experimental Bot.
More informationTree Physiology. Sara Rose
Tree Physiology Sara Rose What is a Tree? U.S. Forest Service Woody plants that have well-developed stems and that usually are more than 12 feet tall at maturity. Merriam-Webster A woody perennial plant
More informationEffect of gibberellic acid treatments on flowering of avocado
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 2000. 23:43-45 Effect of gibberellic acid treatments on flowering of avocado T Rossouw 1,2, PJ Robbertse 2, S Kremer-Köhne 1 and JS Köhne 1 1 Merensky
More informationUseful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.
Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop
More informationMajor Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid
Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells
More informationTree Anatomy. Arlington and Alexandria Tree Stewards Jim McGlone Urban Forest Conservationist Virginia Department of Forestry
Tree Anatomy Arlington and Alexandria Tree Stewards Jim McGlone Urban Forest Conservationist Virginia Department of Forestry Tree Structure https://thelandscapebelowground.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/poster-tree-100dpi-black-and-white.jpg
More informationC MPETENC EN I C ES LECT EC UR U E R
LECTURE 7: SUGAR TRANSPORT COMPETENCIES Students, after mastering the materials of Plant Physiology course, should be able to: 1. To explain the pathway of sugar transport in plants 2. To explain the mechanism
More informationBio 100 Guide 27.
Bio 100 Guide 27 http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/1994-11-09.gif http://www.cneccc.edu.hk/subjects/bio/album/chapter20/images/plant_growth.jpg http://pgjennielove.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/apical_meristem.png
More informationPlant Growth and Development
1. Define plasticity. Give an example? A: Plant Growth and Development The ability of the plants to follow different pathways in response to the environment or phases of life to form different kinds of
More informationCh. 36 Transport in Vascular Plants
Ch. 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Feb 4 1:32 PM 1 Essential Question: How does a tall tree get the water from its roots to the top of the tree? Feb 4 1:38 PM 2 Shoot architecture and Light Capture: Phyllotaxy
More informationPlant. Responses and Adaptations. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones. Auxins. Auxins. Hormones tell plants:
Plant Responses and Adaptations Plant Hormones Hormone - a substance that is produced in 1 part of an organism & affects another part of the same individual (a chemical messenger) Plant hormones are chemical
More informationMap showing location of tropical rainforests
Information sheet one: where are the rainforests located? Map showing location of tropical rainforests On your sheet describe the geographical location of the tropical rainforests. Top tip: Use an atlas
More informationEFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF PAPRIKA cv.ktpl-19
Agric. Sci. Digest, 29 (3) : 157-162, 2009 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF PAPRIKA
More informationSTOLLER ENTERPRISES, INC. World leader in crop nutrition
A new paradigm for crop production - Page 1 of 6 A NEW PARADIGM FOR CROP PRODUCTION Most agronomists are taught about the chemical process of manufacturing photosynthates (PS). The plants breathe in carbon
More informationGrowth and Seed Yield in Kentucky Bluegrass. Thomas G Chastain George Hyslop Professor of Crop and Soil Science
Growth and Seed Yield in Kentucky Bluegrass Thomas G Chastain George Hyslop Professor of Crop and Soil Science Central Oregon Grass Seed Urban Grass Seed Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Barley Corn Beans Peas
More informationMaterial cycles and energy: photosynthesis
7 Material cycles and energy: photosynthesis Remember: Plants are living organisms and can carry out all the life processes. Plants must be able to make foods. The foods provide raw materials for growth
More informationIPC 24th Session, Dehradun Nov 2012
Tree species that occupy large ranges at high latitude must adapt to widely variable growing periods associated with geography and climate. Climate driven adaptive traits in phenology and ecophysiology
More informationGLYPHOSATE, IMAZAPYR AND?? HERBICIDES FOR GRASS CONTROL - Greg MacDonald Agronomy Dept. University of Florida
GLYPHOSATE, IMAZAPYR AND?? HERBICIDES FOR GRASS CONTROL - Greg MacDonald Agronomy Dept. University of Florida TYPES OF GRASSES Perennial or Annual Bunch or Spreading Stolons or Rhizomes Viable Seeds or
More informationPlant Tissues and Organs. Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics , ,
Plant Tissues and Organs Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.1.4 Objectives: List and describe the major plant organs their structure and function List and describe the major types of plant
More informationIntroduction to Plant Transport
Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. The adaptation to land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots,
More informationPlant Development. Chapter 31 Part 1
Plant Development Chapter 31 Part 1 Impacts, Issues Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous Grapes Gibberellin and other plant hormones control the growth and development of plants environmental cues influence hormone
More informationA. Stimulus Response:
Plant Hormones A. Stimulus Response: A house plant on a windowsill grows light. If you rotate the plant, it reorients its growth until its leaves face the window again. The growth of a shoot towards light
More informationBioWash as an Adjuvant, Translocation Promoter, and Cationic Exchange Stimulator Overview of Processes within the Plant
BioWash as an Adjuvant, Translocation Promoter, and Cationic Exchange Stimulator Overview of Processes within the Plant Photosynthesis is the primary driver of the plant. Through a series of complex steps,
More informationPLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
84 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Ethylene is used for a. Retarding ripening of tomatoes b. Hastening of ripening of fruits c. Slowing down
More informationWater Potential. The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow. Pressure
Transport In Plants Water Potential The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow Pressure water moves from high water potential to low water potential Water Potential (a) Left
More informationChapter 25 Plant Processes. Biology II
Chapter 25 Plant Processes Biology II 25.1 Nutrients and Transport Plants grow by adding new cells through cell division Must have steady supply of raw materials to build new cells Nutrients (most) Plants
More informationBiology 2 Chapter 21 Review
Biology 2 Chapter 21 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants? a. vascular
More informationPhysiology of Pruning Fruit Trees
publication 422-025 Physiology of Pruning Fruit Trees Richard P. Marini, Extension Specialist, Horticulture; Virginia Tech Introduction Woody plants are pruned to maintain a desired size and shape and
More informationPlant Growth Regulators(NCERT)
Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Promoters: 1. Auxins: -first isolated from urine, contains Zinc. -Natural: Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) -Synthetic: Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 2-4
More informationPlant Responses and Adaptations Video
Plant Responses and Adaptations Video Hormone -a substance that is produced in one part of an organism & affects another part of the same individual Plant hormones are chemical substances Control a plant
More informationPlant Responses. NOTE: plant responses involve growth and changes in growth. Their movement is much slower than that of animals.
Plant Responses A stimulus is anything that causes a reaction in an organism. Examples: light, gravity and temperature A response is the activity of an organism as a result of a stimulus. Examples: Growth,
More informationAutotrophs/producers- make own energy through
Name Class EXAM Date Unit 11 Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants Multicellular- made of cells Eukaryotes- have & membrane bound organelles Cell - made of Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through
More informationThe plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells. Plants, like multicellular animals:
Chapter 28 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells Plants, like multicellular animals: o Have organs composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed of cells 3 basic organs:
More informationReproduction, Seeds and Propagation
Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense
More informationNOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth
NOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth In their evolutionary journey, plants adapted to the problems of a terrestrial existence as they moved from water to land ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants) -most diverse
More informationDescribe plant meristems. Where are they located? perpetually embryonic cells found at tips of roots and shoots (apical vs.
Which conditions have the higher rate of transpiration? Light or dark: Humid or dry: Breezy or still air: Hot or warm: light (need CO 2 for photosyn.) dry (lower H 2 O potential out) breezy (greater evaporation)
More informationSeed Development and Yield Components. Thomas G Chastain CROP 460/560 Seed Production
Seed Development and Yield Components Thomas G Chastain CROP 460/560 Seed Production The Seed The zygote develops into the embryo which contains a shoot (covered by the coleoptile) and a root (radicle).
More informationMany of remote sensing techniques are generic in nature and may be applied to a variety of vegetated landscapes, including
Remote Sensing of Vegetation Many of remote sensing techniques are generic in nature and may be applied to a variety of vegetated landscapes, including 1. Agriculture 2. Forest 3. Rangeland 4. Wetland,
More informationTransport in Plant (IGCSE Biology Syllabus )
Transport in Plant (IGCSE Biology Syllabus 2016-2018) Plants have transport systems to move food, water and minerals around. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem: - Xylem vessels
More informationCONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES
CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES Growth and organogenesis are controlled......by genes (independent of environment): e.g., number of primary vascular bundles, general shape of a leaf or flower...by genes
More informationForms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds. Much of the inside of nonwoody parts of plants. Includes roots, stems, and leaves
Biology II Vascular plants have 3 tissue systems: Dermal Protective outer layer of plant Vascular Forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds Ground Much of the inside of nonwoody
More informationBasic Tree Biology a quick look
Basic Tree Biology a quick look Jeff Ward, Chief Scientist Forestry and Horticulture Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Objectives What are trees cool facts What do trees need How do trees grow
More informationPage 1. Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant):
Chapter 43: Plant Form and Function Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Root System Anchor plant Absorb water / nutrients Store surplus sugars Transport materials from / to
More informationXEROPHYTES, HYDROPHYTES AND CULTIVATED PLANTS
QUESTIONSHEET 1 (a) Suggest an explanation for the following: (i) Maize is the most important cereal crop in hot, dry climates. [3] (ii) The outer surface of rice leaves is hydrophobic. [2] (b)sorghum
More informationResource acquisition and transport in vascular plants
Resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants Overview of what a plant does Chapter 36 CO 2 O 2 O 2 and and CO 2 CO 2 O 2 Sugar Light Shoots are optimized to capture light and reduce water loss
More informationOrgans and leaf structure
Organs and leaf structure Different types of tissues are arranged together to form organs. Structure: 2 parts (Petiole and Leaf Blade) Thin flat blade, large surface area Leaves contain all 3 types of
More information16. TRANSMISSION OF STIMULUS - THEORIES OF FLOWERING.
16. TRANSMISSION OF STIMULUS - THEORIES OF FLOWERING. Photoperiodic Induction The influence of the length of day and night on the initiation of flowering is called photoperiodic induction or photo induction.
More informationUSE OF GIBBERELLIC ACID TO MANIPULATE FLOWERING IN THE 'HASS' AVOCADO: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Proceedings from Conference 97: Searching for Quality. Joint Meeting of the Australian Avocado Grower s Federation, Inc. and NZ Avocado Growers Association, Inc., 23-26 September 1997. J. G. Cutting (Ed.).
More informationDROUGHT IN MAINLAND PORTUGAL
DROUGHT IN MAINLAND Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior Instituto de Meteorologia, I. P. Rua C Aeroporto de Lisboa Tel.: (351) 21 844 7000 e-mail:informacoes@meteo.pt 1749-077 Lisboa Portugal
More informationThe Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102. Getting to Know Plants
The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102 Getting to Know Plants Growth and Development of Plants Growth and Development of Plants Why it s important to have knowledge about plant development. What
More informationENGINE SERIAL NUMBERS
ENGINE SERIAL NUMBERS The engine number was also the serial number of the car. Engines were numbered when they were completed, and for the most part went into a chassis within a day or so. However, some
More informationPlant Growth & Development. By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor
Plant Growth & Development By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor Introduction There are 7 plant processes that effect growth which are. Photosynthesis Respiration Absorption Transpiration
More informationCrop Development and Components of Seed Yield. Thomas G Chastain CSS 460/560 Seed Production
Crop Development and Components of Seed Yield Thomas G Chastain CSS 460/560 Seed Production White clover seed field Seed Yield Seed yield results from the interaction of the following factors: 1. Genetic
More informationName Date Class. As you read Chapter 12, which begins on page 278 of your textbook, answer the following questions.
CHAPTER 12 DIRECTED READING WORKSHEET Plant Processes As you read Chapter 12, which begins on page 278 of your textbook, answer the following questions. Strange but True! (p. 278) 1. How do wasps act as
More informationDIFFERENTIATION OF AVOCADO BLOSSOM BUDS IN FLORIDA
Reprinted for private circulation from the Botanical Gazette, Vol. 104, No. 2, December, 1942. DIFFERENTIATION OF AVOCADO BLOSSOM BUDS IN FLORIDA PHILIP C. REECE 1 (WITH THIRTEEN FIGURES) Subtropical Fruit
More informationPlant Growth and Development Part I I
Plant Growth and Development Part I I 1 Simply defined as: making with light Chlorophyll is needed (in the cells) to trap light energy to make sugars and starches Optimum temperature: 65 o F to 85 o F
More informationIntroduction to Plant Transport
Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. The adaptation to land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots,
More informationChiang Rai Province CC Threat overview AAS1109 Mekong ARCC
Chiang Rai Province CC Threat overview AAS1109 Mekong ARCC This threat overview relies on projections of future climate change in the Mekong Basin for the period 2045-2069 compared to a baseline of 1980-2005.
More informationFood Security Monitoring Bulletin. INDONESIA Special Focus: Estimating Impact of Disasters on Market Access
Food Security Monitoring Bulletin INDONESIA Special Focus: Estimating Impact of Disasters on Market Access Volume 10, May 2018 CLIMATE AND FOOD SECURITY January - April 2018 More floods and landslides
More information6 Plant Nutrition. Question Paper. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision For more awesome GCSE and A level resources, visit us at
For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Plant Nutrition Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Unit ooklet IGSE iology ambridge International Examinations 6 Plant Nutrition
More informationTechnical note on seasonal adjustment for M0
Technical note on seasonal adjustment for M0 July 1, 2013 Contents 1 M0 2 2 Steps in the seasonal adjustment procedure 3 2.1 Pre-adjustment analysis............................... 3 2.2 Seasonal adjustment.................................
More informationPreharvest Growth Regulators in Apple
Preharvest Growth Regulators in Apple November 2015 Dana Faubion, AgroFresh Plant hormones What is a hormone chemical messenger The main five plant hormones > Abscisic Acid growth inhibitor (dormancy),
More informationClass XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology
Question 1: Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate. (a) Growth It is an irreversible and permanent process, accomplished
More informationClass XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology
Question 1: Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate. (a) Growth It is an irreversible and permanent process, accomplished
More information2018 Version. Photosynthesis Junior Science
2018 Version Photosynthesis Junior Science 1 Plants fill the role of Producers in a community Plants are special because they have leaves and are able to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis
More information15. PHOTOPERIODISM. 1. Short day plants
15. PHOTOPERIODISM Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to the photoperiod,
More informationBotany Physiology. Due Date Code Period Earned Points
Botany Physiology Name C/By Due Date Code Period Earned Points Bot Phys 5N5 Stem Forms Bot Phys 5-05 Identify the major forms of stems in plants I. Identify the major forms of stems in plants A. internal
More informationEnvironmental Plant Physiology Photosynthesis - Aging. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Environmental Plant Physiology Photosynthesis - Aging krreddy@ra.msstate.edu Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Photosynthesis and Environment Leaf and Canopy Aging Goals and Learning Objectives: To
More informationSCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF FLORAL INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM) UNDER WATER DEFICITS HAKAN ENGIN
Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 15-19, 2008 (June) SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF FLORAL INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM) UNDER WATER DEFICITS HAKAN ENGIN Department of Horticulture,
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF BILIMBI FRUIT BY USING PLANT HORMONE AND BARK STRESS
DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF BILIMBI FRUIT BY USING PLANT HORMONE AND BARK STRESS A.B.M. Sharif Hossain Biotechnology Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
More information(i) Complete the diagram below to show the fates of carbon dioxide after photosynthesis has taken place.
3. (a) Carbon dioxide is used during photosynthesis to produce sugar. (i) Complete the diagram below to show the fates of carbon dioxide after photosynthesis has taken place. stored as starch carbon dioxide
More informationPlant Growth & Development. Growth Processes Photosynthesis. Plant Growth & Development
Plant Growth & Development Growth Processes Growth Requirements Types of Growth & Development Factors Growth Processes Photosynthesis Creating carbohydrates (stored energy) from CO 2 + water + sunlight
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationWhat is a TREE? Woody plant (stems, branches, roots) Long lived (typically 100 s of yrs. sometimes 10
What is a TREE? Woody plant (stems, branches, roots) Long lived (typically 100 s of yrs. sometimes 10 s or 1000 s) Single main axis (stem, trunk, bole) Typically 20-30 tall at maturity (note variability)
More informationTranslocation 11/30/2010. Translocation is the transport of products of photosynthesis, mainly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and
Translocation Translocation is the transport of products of photosynthesis, mainly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and storage. Phloem is the tissue through which translocation occurs. Sieve
More informationPhotosynthesis - Aging Leaf Level. Environmental Plant Physiology Photosynthesis - Aging. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Environmental Plant Physiology Photosynthesis and Environment Leaf and Canopy Aging krreddy@ra.msstate.edu Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Goals and Learning Objectives: To understand the effects
More informationEl Nino 2015 in South Sudan: Impacts and Perspectives. Raul Cumba
El Nino 2015 in South Sudan: Impacts and Perspectives Raul Cumba El Nino 2015-2016 The El Nino Event of 2015-2016 The 2015/16 El Nino Event Officially declared in March 2015 Now approaching peak intensity
More informationLevel 2 Plant Growth and Development Part I Toby Day MSU Extension Horticulture Associate Specialist
Level 2 Plant Growth and Development Part I Toby Day MSU Extension Horticulture Associate Specialist Pages 24-38 Montana Master Gardener Handbook Plant Growth and Development Whole Plant Organs Tissues
More informationFalling Tree Leaves: Leaf Abscission by Dr. Kim D. Coder, School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia 12/99
Falling Tree Leaves: Leaf Abscission by Dr. Kim D. Coder, School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia 12/99 Introduction Trees loose their leaves by design. When leaves become inefficient and unable
More informationPhysiology of carrot growth and development
Physiology of carrot growth and development Introduction Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens) originates from the wild forms growing in Europe and southwestern Asia (Banga
More informationCBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Plant transport various substance like gases, minerals, water, hormones, photosynthetes and organic solutes to short distance
More informationRole of Paclobutrazol and Ethephon in reproductive growth of Allahabad Safeda guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants at different spacing
Role of Paclobutrazol and Ethephon in reproductive growth of Allahabad Safeda guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants at different spacing J.S. Brar 1 and J.S. Bal Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural
More informationChapter 29. Table of Contents. Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues. Section 2 Roots. Section 3 Stems. Section 4 Leaves. Plant Structure and Function
Plant Structure and Function Table of Contents Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues Section 2 Roots Section 3 Stems Section 4 Leaves Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues Objectives Describe the three basic types
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
54 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis? a. it is used for water purification. b. In
More informationBig Advantage!:Vegetative reproduction is a faster way to reproduce compared to sexual reproduction if the environment is favorable.
DAY 5 OF CHAPTER 25 NOTES http://www.toto.com/misha/mavica/folliage2.jpg Asexual reproduction in plants is also known as vegetative reproduction. Methods of vegetative reproduction include plant structures
More informationHow Does an Almond Tree Grow? December 8, 2015
How Does an Almond Tree Grow? December 8, 2015 Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board Speakers Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board (Moderator) Ted DeJong, University of California, Davis Maciej Zwieniecki, University
More informationImportance. The Reaction of Life : The conversion of the sun s energy into a form man and other living creatures can use.
PLANT PROCESSES Photosynthesis Importance The Reaction of Life : The conversion of the sun s energy into a form man and other living creatures can use. Photo light Synthesis to put together 3 Important
More informationWhich row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?
1. A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2. All life depends on
More informationPlant Growth and Development Part I. Levels of Organization
Plant Growth and Development Part I Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules 1
More informationCorn Basis Information By Tennessee Crop Reporting District
UT EXTENSION THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AE 05-13 Corn Basis Information By Tennessee Crop Reporting District 1994-2003 Delton C. Gerloff, Professor The University of Tennessee
More information