Introduction to Botany
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1 Introduction to Botany Alexey Shipunov Minot State University Lectures Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
2 Outline 1 Plant diversity Systematics 2 Mosses Ferns Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Heterospory More ferny ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
3 Outline 1 Plant diversity Systematics 2 Mosses Ferns Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Heterospory More ferny ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
4 Plant diversity Systematics Plant diversity Systematics Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
5 Basics of systematics Plant diversity Systematics Terms covered: Systematics = taxonomy Species, taxonomic hierarchy Taxon, rank = category, classification Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Subclass, subfamily and other intermediate ranks Subspecies and cultivars Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
6 Plant diversity Biological nomenclature Systematics Terms covered: Binomial name, species epithet, reference = citation Synonyms, priority (older names have preference), starting dates (1753 for plants) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
7 Examples Plant diversity Systematics Example 1 Example 2 Kingdom Regnum Vegetabilia Animalia Phylum Phylum Spermatophyta Chordata Class Classis Angiospermae (Magnoliopsida) Mammalia Order Ordo Liliales Primates Family Familia Asparagaceae Hominidae Genus Genus Chlorophytum Homo Species Species Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq Homo sapiens L. { Species name }} { Chlorophytum }{{} Genus name comosum }{{} Species epithet (Thunb.) }{{} First author Jacq. }{{} Second author 1862 }{{} Year of description Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
8 Plant diversity Plant diversity Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
9 General life cycle Plant diversity Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
10 Plant diversity Life cycle of land plants Terms covered: Sporophyte and gametophyte Gametangia: archegonium and antheridium Spermatozoa and oocyte (egg cell) Embryo and parasitic sporophyte Predominance of sporophyte or gametophyte Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
11 Plant diversity Life cycle of land plants: differences Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
12 Mosses Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
13 Three main phyla Mosses Bryophyta: gametophyte predominance Pteridophyta: sporophyte predominance, no seed Spermatophyta: sporophyte predominance, seed Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
14 Bryophyta Mosses 20, 000 species Sporic life cycle with gametophyte predominance Sporophyte reduced to sporogon (sporangium with seta), usually achlorophyllous, parasitic No roots, only rhizoid cells (long hairy dead cells capable for apoplastic transport) Poikilohydric plants Gametophyte starts development from protonema Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
15 Protonema Mosses Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
16 Mosses Life cycle of mosses Covers: sporogon, biflagellate spermatozoa, the conflict between water cross-fertilization and wind distribution of spores which may be considered as evolutionary dead end. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
17 Mosses Three main kinds (subphyla) of mosses Hepaticae liverworts. Three classes, most primitive are Haplomitriopsida. Body leafy or thalloid, usually has dorsal and ventral parts, sporogon bag-like, without columella, spores with elaters. Bryophytina true mosses. Six classes, most important are Sphagnopsida (peat mosses), Polytrichopsida (haircap mosses) and Bryopsida. Body radial, sporogon long, with columella, spores without elaters. Anthocerotophytina hornworts. One class. Body flattened (thallus), sporogon long, green, sometimes branched, with columella and stomata, spores with elaters. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
18 Mosses Mosses in the evolutionary dead end They resolved skyscrapers problem via gametophyte, not sporophyte Gametophyte needs water fertilization, which restricts the size and also requires the dense growing Also, root system is absent: this is an additional size restriction If sexual organs appear on the bottom of leafy shoot, sporogon (sporophyte) could not distribute spores with a wind The only way out is to start over from thallus and make sporophyte (which was highly specialized for the spore distribution) a main stage and reduce gametophyte Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
19 Mosses Haplomitrium gibbsiae, primitive liverwort Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
20 Mosses Elaters of liverworts (Lepidozia sp.) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
21 Mosses Sphagnum sp. (Bryophyta, Sphagnopsida) with sporogons Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
22 Mosses Dawsonia superba (Bryophyta, Polytrichopsida) the largest moss with vascular system Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
23 Mosses Bryum capillare (Bryophyta, Bryopsida) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
24 Mosses Leiosporoceros dussii (Bryophyta, Anthocerotopsida) primitive hornwort Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
25 Ferns Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
26 Ferns Pteridophyta: ferns and allies 12, 000 species and six classes Sporic life cycle with sporophyte predominance Gametophyte is often reduced to prothallium (small hornwort-like plant), some Pteridophyta have male and female gametophytes Have true roots (only whisk ferns, Psilotopsida are exception) Homoiohydric plants (same as seed plants) Sporophyte always starts development from embryo located on gametophyte Have true xylem and phloem, but do not have secondary thickening (exceptions: fossils and extant Isoëtes and Botrychium) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
27 Pteridophyta classes Ferns Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes) Class Lycopodiopsida Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes) Class Equisetopsida (horsetails) Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns) Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns) Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida ( true ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
28 Lycopodiopsida Ferns Four main genera (Huperzia, Lycopodium, Selaginella and Isoëtes) and 1000 species Separate, microphyllous* lineage of Pteridophyta (all other groups are megaphyllous) Sporangia associated with leaves and often form strobilus*. Spermatozoon typically with two flagella (like in mosses). Homosporous genera have achlorophyllous, mycoparasitic underground gametophyte. In the past, were dominant trees of Carboniferous tropical swamp forests (lepidodendrids) and their remains became a coal Two genera, Selaginella (spike moss) and Isoëtes (quillwort) are heterosporous. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
29 Ferns Tropical lycophyte, Huperzia linifolia Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
30 Phylloglossum drummondii, one of smallest lycophytes Ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
31 Ferns Before: Chicago 300 Million Years Ago (lepidodendrids) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
32 Ferns After: quillwort, aquatic lycophyte Isoëtes sp. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
33 Pteridophyta classes Ferns Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes) [Microphyllous] Class Lycopodiopsida Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes) [Megaphyllous] Class Equisetopsida (horsetails) Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns) Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns) Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida ( true ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
34 Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
35 Equisetopsida Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Small group of one genus, Equisetum with 30 species Leaves are reduced into scales, stems are segmented, photosynthetic. Have specific stele artrostele with specific central and peripheral canals (similar to stele of some grasses) Sporangia associated with specialized leaves sporangiophores. Spores have attached elaters. Gametophyte minute, usually dioecious but plants are homosporous Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
36 Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Strobili and sporangiophores of Equisetum arvense Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
37 Equisetum giganteum Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
38 Equisetum sp. elaters Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
39 Artrostele Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails (please ignore labels) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
40 Horsetail gametophytes Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
41 Heterospory Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
42 Heterospory Horsetails start it: spores same, gametophytes different Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
43 Heterospory Heterosporic cycle: differences Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
44 Heterospory Heterospory Heterosporous ferns (lycophytes Selaginella and Isoëtes, monilophytes Salvinia, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium and Azolla) went one step further and made their spores different too. It will allow the better allocation of resources and will restrict the self-fertilization. Terms covered: Male gametophyte, female gametophyte Microspores and microsporangium Megaspores and megasporangium Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
45 Life cycle of land plants Heterospory Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
46 Heterospory Heterosporic cycle: differences Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
47 More ferny ferns Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More ferny ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
48 Psilotopsida More ferny ferns Small tropical group of two genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris and 7 species Have protostele (like lycophytes), underground long-lived gametophytes but multiflagellate spermatozoa (like horsetails and all higher ferns). Sporangia unite into synangia. Leaves may absent (Psilotum) and replaced with enatia. Externally remain fossil rhyniophytes, the oldest extinct Pteridophyta Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
49 More ferny ferns Hawaiian Psilotum complanatum Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
50 More ferny ferns New Zealand Tmesipteris tannensis with double synangium Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
51 Ophioglossopsida More ferny ferns Small group (Ophioglossum, Botrychium, Mankyua and Helminthostachys) and 75 species Always have underground rhizome and aboveground bisected leaves: one half is the leaf blade and other half is sporangiophore. Gametophytes grow underground. Some (namely, Botrychium, grape fern) have secondary thickening of underground rhizome. Ophioglossum vulgatum, adder s tongue fern, has 2n = 1360, the largest chromosome number ever. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
52 More ferny ferns Ophiloglossum vulgatum, 2n = 1360 hero Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
53 More ferny ferns Helminthostachys zeylanicum (Ophioglossopsida) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
54 More ferny ferns Mankyua chejuense (Ophioglossopsida) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
55 Marattiopsida More ferny ferns Tropical ferns, several genera with 100 species Biggest ferns, one leaf (frond) could be 6 m length, but stems are smaller. Leaves with stipules. Sporangia (eusporangia like in all other Pteridophyta except true ferns) usually unite in synangia, gametophytes 1-2 cm in diameter, photosynthetic, terrestrial, usually long-lived. In a past, also were dominants of Carboniferous swamp forests. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
56 Angiopteris sp. (Marattiopsida) More ferny ferns Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
57 More ferny ferns Synangia of Danaea nodosa (Marattiopsida) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
58 Pteridopsida More ferny ferns True ferns, about 10,000 species. Leaves are fronds, with apical growth. Young leaves are coiled in fiddleheads. Sporangia have one-celled wall (leptosporangia) and grouped in sori (often covered with indusium) Gametophyte minute, grow aboveground. Some genera of ferns are heterosporous. Bracken fern, Pteridium acquilinum, is the most widespread plant of the world. Many ferns have various vegetative reproduction. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
59 More ferny ferns Sorus, indusium, leptosporangium and annulus Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
60 More ferny ferns Heterosporous fern Marsilea quadrifolia, the Shamrock. Well, almost... Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
61 More ferny ferns Young leaves of bracken fern: Korean gosari Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
62 For Further Reading More ferny ferns A. Shipunov. Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource]. Mode of access: Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures / 61
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