TAXON: Eucharis amazonica SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk

Transcription

1 Taxon: Eucharis amazonica Famil: Amarllidaceae Common Name(s): Amazon lil Snonm(s): Eucharis grandiflora hort. Eucharist lil Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 2 Apr 2015 WRA Score: -1.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Kewords: Naturalized, Understor Herb, Shade tolerant, White-flowered, Sterile Option Answer 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primaril wet habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitabilit (environmental versatilit) =1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a histor of repeated introductions outside its natural range? =1, n=0 =-2,?=-1, n=0 301 Naturalized beond native range = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question Garden/amenit/disturbance weed n=0, = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed n=0, = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs =1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic =1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals =1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens =1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosstems =1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life ccle =1, n=0 High Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 1 of 13

2 Option Answer 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) =1, n=0 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit =1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic =5, n=0 n 502 Grass =1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing wood plant =1, n=0 n Geophte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 602 Produces viable seed =1, n=0 =1, n=0 603 Hbridizes naturall =1, n= Self-compatible or apomictic =1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators =-1, n=0 606 Reproduction b vegetative fragmentation 607 Minimum generative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed unintentionall (plants growing in heavil trafficked areas) =1, n= Propagules dispersed intentionall b people =1, n= Propagules likel to disperse as a produce contaminant =1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal =1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed b other animals (externall) =1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) =1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 r) 803 Well controlled b herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire 805 Effective natural enemies present locall (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) =1, n=-1 n n n Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 2 of 13

3 Supporting Data: 101 Is the species highl domesticated? n [No evidence] "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominentl in the Huallaga valle in the Vicinit of Moobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Widel cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionall adventive 'in the West Indies and probabl elsewhere." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? WRA Specialist Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weed races? WRA Specialist Personal Communication NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primaril wet habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" High "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominentl in the Huallaga valle in the Vicinit of Moobamba and Tarapoto ,500 m." 202 Qualit of climate match data High 203 Broad climate suitabilit (environmental versatilit) n Gilman, E.F Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lil, Eucharist Lil. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, Universit of Florida, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] Missouri Botanical Garden Eucharis amazonica. ntfinderdetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] "USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11" "Zone: 10 to 11" Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 3 of 13

4 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominentl in the Huallaga valle in the Vicinit of Moobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Widel cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionall adventive 'in the West Indies and probabl elsewhere." 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated introductions outside its natural range? "Widel cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and greenhouse plant in the temperate zone." 301 Naturalized beond native range Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T Monocotledons and Gmnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ra/index.htm. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] "Eucharis amazonica"... "Distribution in Puerto Rico: Naturalized or persistent in forest understor. Reported from Adjuntas and Arecibo." "Occasionall adventive 'in the West Indies and probabl elsewhere." No evidence from the Hawaiian Islands 302 Garden/amenit/disturbance weed n Randall, R.P A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia No evidence 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed n Randall, R.P A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia No evidence 304 Environmental weed n Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 4 of 13

5 Randall, R.P A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia No evidence 305 Congeneric weed n Randall, R.P A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia No evidence 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n "Bulb cm diam., neck cm long, tunics brown. Leaves usuall 2-4; petiole (15-)25-3 (-50) cm long, mm thick; lam- ma long-elliptic, (20-)30-40(-50) cm long, (10-) cm wide, length/width ratio usuall greater than 2, acuminate. subcordate at the base and attenuate to the petiole, lustrous, dark green adaxiall and shallowl or inconspicuousl plicate, abaxial surface lighter green, cuticular striations obscure or largel absent, margins coarsel undulate. Scape 4.5-7(-8) dm tall, ca cm diam. proximall, ca. 5 mm diam. distall, terete; primar bracts (30-)35-58 (-61) mm long, broadl ovate-lanceolate, green" 402 Allelopathic Fujii, Y., Parvez, S. S., Parvez, M., Ohmae, Y., & Iida, O Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for allelopathic activit using the sandwich method. Weed Biolog and Management, 3(4): [Demonstrates allelopathic potential under laborator conditions] "Table 1. Screening of leaf litter of 239 medicinal plant species under different families using the sandwich method" [Eucharis grandiflora - *** indicates increasingl strong inhibitor activit.] 403 Parasitic n Whistler, W.A Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from underground, clump-forming bulbs." [No evidence. Amarllidaceae] 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown 405 Toxic to animals Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 5 of 13

6 Knight, A A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL "At least 15 phenanthridine alkaloids including lcorine, have been identified in the leaves, stems, and bulbs of Eucharis. The concentrations of the alkaloids are highest in the outer laers of the bulbs."... "The greatest risk is to household pets that eat the bulbs of the plant."... "Clinical Signs. Vomiting, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficult in breathing, are associated with the phenanthridine alkaloids present in the lil famil."... "Poisoning is rarel fatal and can generall be treated smptomaticall." 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens n Missouri Botanical Garden Eucharis amazonica. ntfinderdetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] Gilman, E.F Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lil, Eucharist Lil. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, Universit of Florida, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] "No serious insect or disease problems. Slugs and snails are attracted to the foliage." "Problems include caterpillars, spider mites, and bulb mites. Amazon lil is occasionall bothered b viruses and bulb rot." 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictionar of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponms, Snonms, and Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Knight, A A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL [Medicinal] "Whole plant infusion drunk as an emetic tea" [Toxic to pets. Could possibl poison humans if ingested, but see Quattrocchi (2012)] "At least 15 phenanthridine alkaloids including lcorine, have been identified in the leaves, stems, and bulbs of Eucharis. The concentrations of the alkaloids are highest in the outer laers of the bulbs."... "The greatest risk is to household pets that eat the bulbs of the plant."... "Clinical Signs. Vomiting, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficult in breathing, are associated with the phenanthridine alkaloids present in the lil famil."... "Poisoning is rarel fatal and can generall be treated smptomaticall." 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosstems n Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI [No evidence, and unlikel given habitat] "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest..." [No evidence, and unlikel given succulent foliage] "The rather succulent foliage does not stand up to wear and tear, so the plants are not suited for locations where traffic and contact are likel." Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 6 of 13

7 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life ccle Whistler, W.A Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR Gilman, E.F Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lil, Eucharist Lil. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, Universit of Florida, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru..." "Fertile soils in partiall shades places are preferred." "Light requirement: plant grows in the shade" 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) "Soil ph - Acidic, Neutral Learn 2 Grow Eucharis amazonica. Soil Drainage - Well Drained Soil tpe - Loam" [Accessed 2 Apr 2015] Gilman, E.F Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lil, Eucharist Lil. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, Universit of Florida, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] "Soil tolerances: occasionall wet; acidic; sand; loam; cla" 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit n Whistler, W.A Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from underground, clump-forming bulbs." 412 Forms dense thickets Llamas, K.A Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR "A sterile triploid cultigen which has been cultivated for centuries. Forms large clumps in moist areas." 501 Aquatic n [Terrestrial herb] "An understorv herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominentl in the Huallaga valle in the Vicinit of Moobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m." 502 Grass n Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 7 of 13

8 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marland. URL: [Accessed 31 Mar 2015] "Famil: Amarllidaceae subfamil: Amarllidoideae tribe: Stenomesseae. Also placed in: Liliaceae" 503 Nitrogen fixing wood plant n USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marland. URL: [Accessed 31 Mar 2015] "Famil: Amarllidaceae subfamil: Amarllidoideae tribe: Stenomesseae. Also placed in: Liliaceae" 504 Geophte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Whistler, W.A Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from underground, clump-forming bulbs." 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n [No evidence] "An understor herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominentl in the Huallaga valle in the Vicinit of Moobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Widel cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionall adventive 'in the West Indies and probabl elsewhere." 602 Produces viable seed Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit; pollen stainabilit is onl 50-65%; and viable seed has never been produced in cultivation. It is therefore conceivable that all populations of E. amazonica constitute a single clone." "The plant is easil propagated b seed,, division of mature plants, or removal of offsets. Seed should be sown immediatel upon ripening since it does not remain viable for long." [But see Meerow (1989)] Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 8 of 13

9 603 Hbridizes naturall Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Amazon lil has long been called E. grandiflora Planchon & Linden, but a recent thorough revision of the genus revealed that this name must be applied to a naturall occurring hbrid that is not cultivated outside a few botanical gardens." 604 Self-compatible or apomictic n "On the basis of greenhouse pollination attempts, virtuall all species of Eucharis and Caliphruria demonstrate some degree of selfincompatibilit. This observation suggests that most species are predominantl outcrossing."... "Of all species in cultivation, onl E. castelnaeana sets capsules with self-pollen." 605 Requires specialist pollinators "The large, white, heavil and sweetl fragrant flower of E. amazonica (subg. Heterocharis) was considered a model mothpollinated flower b Percival (1965). She noted that the nectar level in the tube rises to a maximum height of 23% tube length, thus effectivel preventing access to all but long-tongued insects." 606 Reproduction b vegetative fragmentation Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T Monocotledons and Gmnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: Whistler, W.A Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR "Bulbs globose, to 7 cm in diam. Leaves with petioles cm long; blades oblong to elliptic or oval, cm, the base cuneate or rounded, the apex abruptl short acuminate."... "Naturalized or persistent in forest understor. Reported from Adjuntas and Arecibo." [Persistence or naturalization ma indicate abilit to spread vegetativel] "Propagate b offsets." 607 Minimum generative time (ears) 2 Shoot Gardening Eucharis amazonica (Amazon lil). [Accessed 2 Apr 2015] "2-5 ears To maturit" 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed unintentionall (plants growing in heavil trafficked areas) n Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 9 of 13

10 [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, lack means of external attachment] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." 702 Propagules dispersed intentionall b people "Widel cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone." 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce contaminant n [Fruits not produced in cultivation. No evidence of produce contamination] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, not adapted for wind dispersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 10 of 13

11 705 Propagules water dispersed [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Unknown if fruits or seeds are buoant or could otherwise be dispersed b water] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." 706 Propagules bird dispersed n [E. amazonica, in subg. Heterocharis, lacks adaptations for avian dispersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence. In subg. Eucharis, however, the capsule is leather and bright orange (Fig. 40), contrasting vividl with the shin black or blue seeds at dehiscence. It is probable, though unsubstantiated, that the combination of fruit and seed color functions mimeticall to attract avian dispersal agents (sensu van der Pijl, 1982)." 707 Propagules dispersed b other animals (externall) n [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, lack means of external attachment] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 11 of 13

12 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut n [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits and seeds, if produced, apparentl not adapted for ingestion or internal dispspersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule tpical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amarllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning ellow or brown at dehiscence"... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit." 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit; pollen stainabilit is onl 50-65%; and viable seed has never been produced in cultivation. It is therefore conceivable that all populations of E. amazonica constitute a single clone." 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 r) Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI n "The plant is easil propagated b seed,, division of mature plants, or removal of offsets. Seed should be sown immediatel upon ripening since it does not remain viable for long." 803 Well controlled b herbicides WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown. No information on herbicide efficac or chemical control of this ornamental species 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Missouri Botanical Garden Eucharis amazonica. ntfinderdetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed ] "Bulbs do not like to be disturbed and should onl be repotted when necessar (i.e., pot looks like it is read to break)." 805 Effective natural enemies present locall (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 12 of 13

13 Summar of Risk Traits: High Risk / Undesirable Traits Thrives in tropical climates Naturalized, and/or adventive in Puerto Rico and the West Indies Demonstrates allelopathic properties in laborator settings Toxic to house pest if ingested Shade tolerant Tolerates man soil tpes Geophte (able to resprout from underground bulbs) Propagated, and possibl spread, b vegetative offsets Low Risk Traits Widel cultivated, with no reports of invasiveness or negative impacts within introduced range Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs) Ornamental Possibl sterile in cultivation Requires specialized pollinators (long-tongued moths) Self-incompatible Limited, to no, seed production makes inadvertent dispersal unlikel Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 13 of 13