Bauhinia purpurea (purple orchid tree)

Transcription

1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Bauhinia purpurea (purple orchid tree) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic y 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals? 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) n 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n

2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally y? 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic y 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 3 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y? 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 8 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:

3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 6 yes B 9 yes C 7 yes total 32 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Gilman and Watson (23) Bauhinia purpurea: purple orchid-tree. ENH249, University of Florida, IFAS Extension ( PIER, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry ( 3.. Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to the Nature Conservancy. 2. PIER, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry ( 3. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a 2. hardiness zones 9B through widely cultivated throughout the tropics. considered naturalized in Puerto Rico 2. possibly sparingly naturalized along roadsides in Fiji 3. naturalized in South Africa 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence 3.4 Considered a category 3 Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a invader in South Africa - invades savanna, coastal bush, riverbanks, urban open 2. space Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to the Nature Conservancy. 4. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 4.2 Chou (98) Allelopathic researches in the subtropical vegetation in Taiwan. Comparative Physiology and B. variegata considered a category 3 invader in South Africa (), and considered naturalized and invasive in the Bahamas (2). no description of these traits "The species that exhibited allelopathy or allelopathic-like 3

4 Ecology 5: patterns included Bauhinia purpurea " 4.3 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical no description of this 4.4 Singh (2) Leaf morphology and leaf area of fodder trees of NEH region. Range Management and Agroforestry 22: is an important fodder species in India [unclear whether eaten readily] 4.5. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Singh (2) Leaf morphology and leaf area of fodder trees of NEH region. Range Management and Agroforestry 22: not indicated to be poisonous 2. is an important fodder species in India Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Connor (23) Bauhinia purpurea DC. ex Walp. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetics Resources. not indicated to be ( poisonous or an irritant /PDF /file). "The leaves are edible". 4.8 no evidence 4.9. full sun to partial shade 2. partial shade or partial sun to. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 2. Horticopia 4. full sun (BUT "should be grown in full sun") 4.. Connor (23) Bauhinia purpurea DC. ex Walp. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetics Resources ( 2. Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical form: tree 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 5.3. Domingo (983) Nitrogen fixation in Southeast Asian forestry: research and practice. Pp in Gordon and Wheeler (eds.) Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems: Foundations and Applications. Martinus Nijhoff / Dr W. Junk Publishers, Tha Hague. 2. Pokhriyal, Bhandari, Negi, Chaukiyal, and Gupta (99) Identification of some fast growing leguminous tree species for nitrogen fixation studies. Indian Forester 6: Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 2. Horticopia 4.. "The species does not grow well on nutientpoor sites." BUT 2. "Suitable soil is welldrained/loamy, sandy, or clay." [first reference more specific] Fabaceae. B. purpurea on list of southeast Asian forestry species from which Rhizobia were isolated. BUT 2. Bauhinia purpurea not found to produce nodules.. propagate by seed 2. "abundant seedlings may germinate in the landscape" 4

5 Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Reddi and Rao (993) Pollination ecology of Bauhinia purpurea (Caesalpiniaceae). Journal of Palynology 29: Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Connor (23) Bauhinia purpurea DC. ex Walp. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetics Resources ( PIER, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry ( "Bauhinia blakeana is shown here to be the result of hybridization between the largely sympatric species, B. purpurea and B. variegata." Hybridization "probably natural" - paper demonstrates that it is feasible for the two species to interbreed.. B. purpurea set fruit when self-pollinated (though xenogamy is promoted). 2. "Dichogamy of the flowers involving differential maturation of sexual organs precludes autogamy. The availability of male phase and female phase flowers on a plant on a particular day facilitates geitonogamy." B. purpurea pollinated by several species of bees, wasps, and butterflies (pollen observed adhering to the bodies of the pollinators). "Bauhinia spp. bloom within 3 or 4 years". widely cultivated throughout the tropics 7.3 propagules unlikely to come into contact with produce 7.4 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical fruit is a woody pod 7.5 no evidence 7.6. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 2. Gilman and Watson (23) Bauhinia purpurea: purple orchid-tree. ENH249, University of Florida, IFAS Extension. fruit is a woody pod 2. ( "does not attract wildlife" 7.7 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical no description of any means of attachment 7.8. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical. fruit is a woody pod 2. 5

6 2. Gilman and Watson (23) Bauhinia purpurea: purple orchid-tree. ENH249, University of Florida, IFAS Extension ( Connor (23) Bauhinia purpurea DC. ex Walp. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetics Resources ( Langeland and Stocker (2) Control of non-native plants in natural areas of Florida. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, SP 242 ( "does not attract wildlife" hard-seeded legume "Basal bark application of % Garlon 4 or application of 5% Garlon 3A to cut stump; All methods listed have been found effective under certain circumstances." 6