Scaevola sericea (beach naupaka)

Transcription

1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Scaevola sericea (beach naupaka) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture y 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed n 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals n 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets y 5. Aquatic n

2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic? 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed y 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed y 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 8. Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation n? 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 4 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:

3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 6 yes B yes C 7 yes total 34 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida.. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 2. Thieret and Brandenburg (986) Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) in southeastern United States. SIDA : Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 3.. Thieret and Brandenburg (986) Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) in southeastern United States. SIDA : Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to the Nature Conservancy.. temperature minimum: 3 F 2. hardiness zones. "S. taccada [synonym] is found from Madagascar eastward to South-East Asia, throughout Malesia, tropical Australia, the Pacific Islands and Hawaii." 2. Introduced into the Bahamas. 3. used horticulturally naturalized in the Bahamas (, 2) 3.2 no evidence 3.3 Waterhouse (997) The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. ACIAR Monograph No. 44, 99p. Considered a major weed of agriculture in the Pacific - affects coconut and pandanus crops. 3.4 Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to the Nature Conservancy. Considered naturalized and invasive in the Bahamas. 3.5 no evidence 4. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) no description of these traits 3

4 Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 4.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 4.3 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 4.4 Stone, Cuddihy, and Tunison (992) Responses of Hawaiian ecosystems to removal of feral pigs and goats. Pp in Stone, Smith, and Tunison (eds.) Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. Stone, Cuddihy, and Tunison (992) Responses of Hawaiian ecosystems to removal of feral pigs and goats. Pp in Stone, Smith, and Tunison (eds.) Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 4.6 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 4.7 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. not allelopathic no toxicity 4.8 no evidence 4.9. Herbst and Wagner (992) Alien plants on the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pp in Stone, Smith, and Tunison (eds.) Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 2. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 3. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. no description of this Percent cover of S. sericea increased greatly after removal of feral goats, which had browsed heavily on this species.. no toxicity 2. browsed heavily by goats "ornamental S. taccada [synonym] plants are affected by ringspot disease caused by a strain of the cucumber mosaic virus". "beach naupaka cannot tolerate heavy shade" 2. full sun or partial shade 3. shade tolerance: intermediate 4. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal grows on sandy beaches 4.. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal and poisonous plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.. growth habit: shrub 2. "an erect spreading shrub or small tree" 4.2 Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI "the shrub can quickly form 4

5 Publishing. extensive and dense populations" 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. Goodeniaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 5.4 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. Goodeniaceae; does not fix nitrogen not propagated by bulbs, corms, or tubers USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal and poisonous plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. propagated by seed (, 2) van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 6.5 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 6.6. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various Baton Rouge, LA USA van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal "Flowers of S. taccada [synonym] are protandrous, thereby enhancing cross pollination." [but unclear whether self-fertilization is possible] Flowers of S. sericea (as S. taccada) "are frequently visited by bees and wasps.". vegetative spread rate: slow 2. "Stems touching the soil become rooted.". moderate to rapid growth rate, shrub to 5 feet tall 2. moderate growth rate "Apart from its ornamental value S. taccada [synonym] is used for soil stabilization and wind and salt spray protection in coastal zones." 7.3 no evidence, and unlikely for a fairly large drupe 5

6 7.4 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 7.5 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 7.6 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal 7.7 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal "fruit a fleshy drupe,.5 cm in diameter" [no evidence of adaptations for wind dispersal] "The fruits are dispersed by sea-currents. The fruits are buoyant because of a corky outer layer and no significant loss in viability is observed after 25 days in sea water." "The fruits are dispersed by frugivorous birds" "fruit a fleshy drupe,.5 cm in diameter" [no evidence of any means of attachment] 7.8 fleshy fruit 8. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2(2). Medicinal each fruit 2-seeded 8.2 Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. "Seeds remain viable in sea water for a year or more" 8.3 "Chemical control is done by Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. cutting the shrub to the ground and treating the cut stumps with triclopyr." 8.4 Smith and Tunison (992) Fire and alien plants in Hawai'i: research and management implications for native ecosystems. Pp in Stone, Smith, and Tunison (eds.) Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 8.5 S. sericea is particularly sensitive to fire. 6