Arachis glabrata (perennial peanut) Has the species become naturalised where grown? n Does the species have weedy races?
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- Aldous McKinney
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1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Arachis glabrata () Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? y -3.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown? n.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its y natural range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range n 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed n 3.5 Congeneric weed n 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals n 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining y soils) 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n -2
2 5. Aquatic n 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed n 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production n 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score Outcome Accept* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:
3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B yes C 5 yes total 33 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma. Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 2. FAO, Grassland Index ( ( Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma 3.2 Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma naturalization]. "The perennial peanut is adapted to subtropical and warm temperate climates." 2. "It grows best when mean monthly temperatures are above about 2 C." "Native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay between 3 S and 28 S. Introduced to Australia, the United States, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia." naturalization] 3
4 Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma weediness] weediness] weediness] 3.5 no evidence 4. ( no description of these traits 4.2 no evidence 4.3 ( no description of this 4.4 French, Prine, and Blount (26) Perennial peanut: an alternative forage of growing importance. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, SS-AGR-39 ( "Perennial peanut is highly palatable to most livestock" French, Prine, and Blount (26) Perennial peanut: an alternative forage of growing importance. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, SS-AGR-39 ( 2. ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 4.7 ( Perennial peanut is used as a forage, as hay, and as silage for horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. 2. No toxicity recorded. "no insect, disease, or nematode pests have been identified that cause economic loss" No toxicity recorded. 4.8 no evidence 4.9 "Perennial peanut Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial grows best in full sun" but "will persist HS96 ( in partial shade" Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma ( "This rhizomatous legume is adapted to well-drained soils, particularly deep sands" "Herbaceous perennial with erect to decumbent 4
5 unbranched stems" 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Fabaceae 5.3 Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 5.4 ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 2. Prine, Dunavin, Moore, and Roush (98) 'Florigraze' Rhizoma Peanut: A Perennial Forage Legume. University of Florida, IFAS, Agricultural Experiment Stations, Circular S ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( "The peanut legume, in association with Rhizobium, fixes atmospheric N." [but is herbaceous] "with a deep, woody taproot". "Rhizomal by seed" 2. "Seeds develop very rarely on these three [cultivars of] rhizoma peanuts." 3. fruit set scarce "Perennial peanut is propagated vegetatively using rhizomes" "In Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, medians, lawns, hotel entryways, and roadsides are planted with." 7.3 no evidence 7.4 fruit is a peanut (and fruit set scarce) 7.5 fruit is a peanut (and fruit set scarce) 7.6 Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( "Rhizomal by seed; therefore, it can't be carried 5
6 ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 2. Prine, Dunavin, Moore, and Roush (98) 'Florigraze' Rhizoma Peanut: A Perennial Forage Legume. University of Florida, IFAS, Agricultural Experiment Stations, Circular S Rouse, Miavitz, and Roka (24) Guide to using rhizomal perennial HS96 ( 2. Prine, Dunavin, Glennon, and Roush (986) Arbrook Rhizoma Peanut: A Perennial Forage Legume. University of Florida, IFAS, Agricultural Experiment Stations, Circular S-332. by birds or wildlife or transported in plant material to unintended areas." fruit set scarce [and any means of attachment] "Rhizomal by seed; therefore, it can't be carried by birds or wildlife or transported in plant material to unintended areas.". "Rhizomal by seed" 2. "Seeds develop very rarely on these three [cultivars of] rhizoma peanuts.". Perennial peanut tolerates mowing and grazing. BUT 2. "The rhizoma peanut is easily killed by plowing the soil with a moldboard plow and harrowing several times at intervals to kill sprouting shoots." 6
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