Hibiscus tiliaceus (mahoe)
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1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Hibiscus tiliaceus (mahoe) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets y 5. Aquatic n
2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y 7.5 Propagules water dispersed y 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production n 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr)? 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:
3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B yes C 6 yes total 34 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Allen (23) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Pp in ( 2.5 Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Portland. 3. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network (25) New Zealand Adventive Vascular Plant List. "Hibiscus tiliaceous is most often found in wet areas along coasts, such as at the mouths of streams or in more saline areas upstream of mangrove forests." "It is also cultivated for its yellow flowers." fully naturalized in New Zealand 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence 3.4 Devine (977) A programme to exterminate introduced plants on Raoul Island. Biological Conservation : Parsons and Cuthbertson (2) Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 4. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the 4.2 no evidence 4.3 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the Ng and Sivasothi, eds. (2) A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore. Vol. : The Ecosystem and Plant Diversity. Singapore Science Centre, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, The National University of Singapore H. tiliaceus considered one of the main pest species on Raoul Island (New Zealand). H. trionum considered a weed in Australia. no description of these traits no description of this Leaves of H. tiliaceus are used to feed cattle in Southeast Asia. [and no evidence of toxicity] 3
4 ( 4.6 In the Galapagos, the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) has been found on H. tiliaceus. Infested plants tend to become sickly and frequently die. This insect McMullen (999) Flowering Plants of the Galapagos. was a major threat to the Cornell University Press, Ithaca. citrus industry in California. 4.7 no evidence 4.8 no evidence 4.9. Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida.. full sun 2. grows in full sun 4.. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. Allen (23) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Pp in Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources ( 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Portland. 2. Devine (977) A programme to exterminate introduced plants on Raoul Island. Biological Conservation : grows on almost any soil 2. "The tree can grow well on mud, marl, sand, and limestone." growth habit: tree/shrub. "sometimes forming nearly impenetrable thickets" 2. "plants form a dense tangle of stems" on Raoul Island (New Zealand). 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Malvaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Malvaceae 5.4 "This plant's roots are Horticopia 4. fibrous." Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida.. "Propagation is from cuttings and seeds." 2. "Large cuttings, air layers, or seeds all give good results." pollinated by carpenter bees McMullen (999) Flowering Plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. (Xylocopa darwini) in the Galapagos 6.6. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical. "Long, snaky, drooping 4
5 Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. Devine (977) A programme to exterminate introduced plants on Raoul Island. Biological Conservation : Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. Horticopia Allen (23) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Pp in ( Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Portland. 2. Allen (23) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Pp in Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Reforestation, Nurseries, ( branches root where they touch the ground." 2. H. tiliaceus grows by layering, in the wild, on Raoul Island (New Zealand).. rapid growth rate 2. fast growth rate 3. fast-growing [but time to vegetative reproduction unknown]. "It is also cultivated for its yellow flowers." 2. "The species has also been widely planted in some locations for erosion control, dune stabilization, and as an ornamental." 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the "Seeds with minute papillae or stellate tufts." 7.5 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the "it is easily dispersed by drifting in seawater" 7.6 wind dispersed 7.7 no evidence of any means of attachment 7.8 wind dispersed 8. Allen (23) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Pp in ( 8.2 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the Workman (998) Mahoe: native or exotic or both? Wildland Weeds : Devine (977) A programme to exterminate introduced plants on Raoul Island. Biological Conservation : Fruits typically contain 5 to 5 seeds. "Seed set often appears to be very low, but no published information on seed set was located." "the seeds are viable for several months". Mahoe control: cut stump, 5% Garlon 3A / water solution; basal bark, % Garlon 4 / oil solution. 2. Herbicidal treatment carried out on Raoul Island, but unclear how effective it was. 5
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