Gynura aurantiaca (purple velvet plant)
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- Kenneth Ramsey
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1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Gynura aurantiaca (purple velvet plant) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated??.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range n 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed n 3.5 Congeneric weed? 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) n 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit y 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n -2
2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed? 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production n 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score -4 Outcome Accept* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:
3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 5 yes B 9 yes C 3 yes total 27 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical native to Java [and not naturalized elsewhere] Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical. Villaseñor and Espinosa-Garcia (24) The alien flowering plants of Mexico. Diversity and Distributions : Adams (972) Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica., 2. used ornamentally as a ground cover or a container plant. present in Mexican state (considered casual alien, not naturalized) 2. escapes cultivation in Jamaica, but no evidence of naturalization 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence 3.4 no evidence 3.5 G. crepidioides considered a principal weed of agriculture in the Philippines (but is considered a synonym of Holm (979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons. Crassocephalum crepidioides). 4. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical no description of these traits 4.2 no evidence 4.3 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical no description of this no evidence Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Plant Guide ( listed as a non-toxic plant; also no mention of toxicity 3
4 Colorado.pdf) in horticultural or toxicity references 4.8 no evidence 4.9 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical partial shade 4.. "Suitable soil is welldrained/loamy." [does not. Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical mention sandy] 2. moist, fertile soil 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 Baton Rouge, LA USA. growth habit: vine, forb/herb 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 Baton Rouge, LA USA. Asteraceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 Baton Rouge, LA USA. Asteraceae no mention of reproduction by seed in cultivation University of Connecticut, EEB Plant Growth Facilities ( Mani and Saravanan (999) Pollination Ecology and Evolution in Compositae (Asteraceae). Science Publishers, Inc. Horticopia 4. "Plant used for demonstration of hybridization. Gynura auriantiaca x Gynura bicolor = Gynura x sarmentosa" [unclear whether this occurs naturally or not]. Horticopia Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Mani and Saravanan (999) Pollination Ecology and Evolution in Compositae (Asteraceae). Science Publishers, Inc. Gynura spp. are pollinated by butterflies and have a nectary. "This plant grows from a rhizome.", 2. used ornamentally as a ground cover or a container plant "Though the pappus seems to have evolved independently as an organ of wind dispersal, it is greatly influenced by the size, shape, and weight of 4
5 the achene. The achene is reduced above and obtuse or truncated at the base and also slightly compressed (e.g. Gynura), so as to increase the air resistance in free fall, while favouring rapid lift in an updraft." 7.5 no evidence 7.6 wind dispersed 7.7 no evidence of any means of attachment 7.8 wind dispersed 8. no mention of reproduction by seed in cultivation
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