Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow)
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- Maria Lester
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1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed n 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals? 4.5 Toxic to animals y 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets y 5. Aquatic n
2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic? 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 3 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed y 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed y 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) 8. Prolific seed production y? 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 8 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:
3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B yes C 7 yes total 35 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. "It has been cultivated in China for USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, at least 4 centuries as a seed crop and as an ornamental." [selection has likely been for more fruit] Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Plant guide for Chinese tallow tree, prepared by L. Urbatsch. 2.5 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Plant guide for Chinese tallow tree, prepared by L. Urbatsch. 3. Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, "...we believe that the northern limit for naturalization of tallow from Arkansas to Georgia occurs in Plant Hardiness Zone 7b This inference is supported by data from China showing that the average minimum winter temperature for growth is - 5 C and the average minimum for oilseed production is - C." establishes in wet prairie and marshes; "It is generally found in low, swampy places" "Chinese tallow has been introduced to many parts of the world including Sri Lanka, Indochina, Bengal, India, Sudan, Martinique, southern United States, southern France, and Algeria." "Tallow has been introduced worldwide and is naturalized in Japan, Formosa, India, Pakistan, central and southern Europe, Martinique, and the Sudan." "It quickly becomes the dominant plant in disturbed vacant lots, abandoned agricultural land " 3.3 no evidence 3.4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 2. Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997). invader of natural areas in Louisiana and Texas 2. "Native prairies invaded by Chinese tallow suffered altered ecosystem 3
4 Journal 7: structure as a result of the monospecific stands of tallow trees that persisted." 3.5 no evidence 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, no description of these traits 4.2 Conway and Smith (22) Potential allelopathic interference by the exotic Chinese tallow tree. American Midland Naturalist 48: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 4.4 "Our experiment questions the validity of allelopathic interference as a mechanism enhancing tallow invasion or maintaining woodlands once established tallow may in fact be perpetuating its own woodland(s) by self-facilitation, rather than inhibiting other plant survival by allelopathic interference." no description of this "Sheep and goats will eat leaves of tallow [unclear whether eaten Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) readily]. While there is anecdotal evidence that cattle suppress tallow, toxicity of the plant to cattle limits the effectiveness of control by Journal 7: grazing." 4.5 "The milky sap in both the leaves and the berries is poisonous to animals. Sheep and goats have USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, been known to eat the leaves of Chinese tallow, but the plant is toxic to cattle." 4.6 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, "Chinese tallow trees are remarkably free of insect pests and serious pathogenic organisms." 4.7 "Ingestion of plant material causes USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, gastrointestinal upset with nausea and vomiting. Contact with the plants can cause dermatitis." 4.8 no evidence 4.9. Jones and McLeod (989) Shade tolerance in. "These results are consistent seedlings of Chinese tallow tree, American with the observation that Chinese sycamore, and cherrybark oak. Bulletin of the tallow tree can establish under Torrey Botanical Club 6: Horticopia closed canopies" BUT exposure: full sun 4. Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, "It grows in poorly or well-drained sites on clay or sandy soil" tree 4
5 4.2 "Once established, it forms pure Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. stands that exclude almost all other plants". 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Euphorbiaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Euphorbiaceae Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: "viability of seeds averages 95%" Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 6.6 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 6.7 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, outcrossing is promoted by dichogamy [unclear whether selfpollination is possible] "The flowers of Chinese tallow are favored by honeybees" "roots readily develop shoots" "They may reach reproductive age in as little as three years" "It has been cultivated in China for at least 4 centuries as a seed crop and as an ornamental. In the early 9s, the Foreign Plant Introduction Division of the USDA promoted tallow tree planting in Gulf Coast states to establish a local soap industry. Since that time, the species has been planted in the U.S. mainly for its unique ornamental qualities..." fruits are 3-lobed capsules - seeds remain attached to the placenta after dehiscence "The major dispersal methods of Chinese tallow are birds and water." 5
6 7.6 Renne, Barrow, Johnson Randall, and Bridges (22) Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness. Diversity and Distributions 8: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, 8.2 Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: Bruce, Cameron, Harcombe, and Jubinsky (997) Journal 7: Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. 8.5 "c. 4% of the seed crop is effectively dispersed by at least 6 bird species There is no evidence of tallow tree seed predation by birds and seed passage through the avian gut enhances germination rate and percentage " no description of any means of attachment "a mature tree may annually produce an average of, seeds" " with -5% of seeds viable after year in the soil in Louisiana" "In Texas, control of tallow can be achieved with Grazon P+D, Grazon PC, a tank mix of Grazon PC + Remedy, Velpar L, and Spike 2P. To be effective, control for tallow must be continued for a 3- to 5-year period " "resprouts vigorously if damaged" 6
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