Comprehensive BIOLOGY

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2 Comprehensive LABOR ATORY MANUAL IN BIOLOGY (WITH INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS AND VIVA) For CLASS XI Strictly according to new curriculum prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and State Boards of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya and other States following NCERT curriculum By Dr. J.P. SHARMA M.Sc., Ph.D., FISST Ex. Head, Deptt. of Botany Hindu College, Sonepat (Affiliated to M.D. University, Rohtak) Haryana LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHI BOSTON, USA

3 All rights reserved with the Publishers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : Fax : info@laxmipublications.com Price : ` Only. Edited by : Dr. Pragya Dixit New Edition OFFICES Bangalore Jalandhar Chennai Kolkata Cochin , Lucknow Guwahati , Mumbai , Hyderabad Ranchi T COMP. LAB MAN IN BIO XI Typeset at : Excellent Graphics, Delhi. C 15014/07/12 Printed at : Ajit Printers, Delhi.

4 CONTENTS Syllabus Page (xi) (xii) PART I : INTRODUCTION (1 16) 1. Introduction Use and Care of Microscope Laboratory Chemicals Laboratory Techniques PART II : CORE EXPERIMENTS (17 76) 1. Study and Description of the Flowers Exp-1 : To study and describe the given flowering plant (1. Petunia, 2. Lathyrus, 3. Asparagus/Allium) and display of whorls and anther and ovary to show number of chamber Viva Voce Preparation and Study of Transverse Sections of Monocot and Dicot Stems and Roots Exp-2 : To prepare temporary stained glycerine mount of transverse section of dicot stem/monocot stem/dicot root/monocot root Viva Voce Study of Osmosis Exp-3 : To demonstrate osmosis by potato osmometer Viva Voce Study of Plasmolysis Exp-4 : To demonstrate plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in peels of Tradescantia/Rhoeo in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions using sodium chloride and potassium chloride Viva Voce Distribution of Stomata on the Two Surfaces of a Leaf Exp-5 : To study the distribution of stomata on upper and lower surfaces of leaf and to calculate the stomatal index Viva Voce ( v )

5 ( vi ) 6. Rate of Transpiration Exp-6 : To compare the rate of transpiration from the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf Viva Voce Test for Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats and their Detection in Suitable Plant and Animal Materials Exp-7 : To test for glucose, sucrose, starch, proteins and fats and to show their presence in suitable plant and animal materials (e.g., wheat, potato, groundnunt, milk or other suitable materials) Viva Voce Paper Chromatography Exp-8 : To separate and study the plant pigments by paper chromatography Viva Voce Rate of Respiration Exp-9 : To study the rate of respiration in germinating seeds having different substances such as wheat (carbohydrates), mustard/ groundnut (fats) and gram/bean (proteins) Viva Voce Urine Test for the Presence of Urea, Sugar, Albumin and Bile Salts Exp-10.1 : To test the presence of urea in urine Exp-10.2 : To detect the presence of sugar (glucose) in urine Exp-10.3 : To detect the presence of albumin in urine Exp-10.4 : To detect the presence of bile salts in urine Viva Voce PART III : EXPERIMENTS FOR SPOTTING (77 206) 1. Study of the Parts of a Compound Microscope Exp-1 : To study the parts of a compound microscope, its proper use and maintenance Viva Voce Study of Specimens and Identification with Reasons Exp-2 : Study of plant specimens and identification with reasons Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom/ bracket fungi, Yeast, Liver wort, Moss, Fern, Pinus, one monocotyledon, one dicotyledon and Lichens Viva Voce... 99

6 3. Study of Characters of Animal Specimens and Identification with Reasons Exp-3 : Study of characters of specimens and identification with reasons Amoeba, Hydra, Liver fluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Prawn, Silkworm, Honey bee, Snail, Starfish, Shark, Rohu (fish), Frog, Calotes (lizard), Pigeon and Rabbit Viva Voce Study of Plant Tissues from Prepared Slides Exp-4 : To study plant tissues Palisade parenchyma, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem from permanent slides Viva Voce Study of Animal Tissues Squamous Epithelium, Muscle Fibres, Nerve Cells and Mammalian Blood Film through Temporary/ Permanent Slides Exp-5 : To observe and make labelled diagrams of the microscopic structures of animal tissues (squamous epithelium, muscle fibres, nerve fibre, and mammalian blood smear) Viva Voce Study of Mitosis in Onion Root Tip and Animal Cell Exp-6.1 : To study various stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells from permanent slide Exp-6.2 : To study various stages of mitosis in animal cells (grasshopper) from permanent slide Viva Voce Study of Different Modifications in Root, Stem and Leaf Exp-7.1 : To identify and comment upon the specimens of root modifications Exp-7.2 : To identify and comment upon the specimens of stem modifications Exp-7.3 : To identify and comment upon the specimens of leaf modifications Viva Voce Study and Identification of Different Types of Inflorescence Exp-8 : To identify and comment upon different types of inflorescence Viva Voce Study of Imbibition Exp-9 : To demonstrate imbibition in seeds/raisins Viva Voce Study and Comments on Experimental Set-up Exp-10.1 : ( vii ) To demonstrate that anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of air

7 ( viii ) Exp-10.2 : To demonstrate phototropism (effect of unidirectional light on plants) Exp-10.3 : To demonstrate phenomenon of apical dominance Exp-10.4 : To demonstrate suction due to transpiration Viva Voce Study and Identification of Human Bones and Joints Viva Voce Study and External Morphology of Cockroach Through Models Viva Voce PART IV : INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS ( ) 1. Study of the Effect of Fertilizers on the Rate of Germination, Elongation of Hypocotyl and the Length of Root Viva Voce To Study Competition between Weeds and Crops Viva Voce Study of Effect of Antibiotics on Micro-organisms Viva Voce To Study the Breaking of Dormancy of Seeds by KNO 3, Ethylene and Cytokinin Viva Voce To Study Deficiency Symptoms of Various Essential Elements and Minerals Viva Voce Study of the Effect of Light and Gravity on Plant Growth Movement Exp-6.1 : To study the effect of light on plant growth movement Exp-6.2 : To study the role of shoot apices on the phototropic movement in plants Exp-6.3 : To study the effect of gravity on plant movements, i.e., geotropism Exp-6.4 : To study the effect of gravity on plant movement (Geotropism) using a clinostat Viva Voce Study of Effect of 2, 4-D on Translocation Process Viva Voce Study of the Effect of Gibberellin on Seed Germination and Shoot Elongation Viva Voce Study of the Effect of a Herbicide on Lawn Weeds (To compare the effect of a herbicide on moncotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants) Viva Voce

8 ( ix ) 10. To Study of Dispersal of Seeds by Various Agencies Viva Voce Comparative Study of the Chlorophyll Content in Five Different Species of Plants Viva Voce To Study the Adaptability of Cockroaches to Drastic Environmental Changes such as (i) Absence of Plants and Animal Food, (ii) Cold Condition and (iii) High Concentration of Carbon Dioxide Viva Voce Study of Developmental Stages of Housefly/Cockroach Viva Voce Study of the Effect of Osmotic Stress by Administration of Hypertonic Saline in Frog Viva Voce Study of Locomotion and Role of Different Fins in Fishes Viva Voce Study of Zooplanktons from Fresh Water Ponds and Tanks Viva Voce Estimation of Vitamin C Content in Different Types of Fruits Viva Voce

9 PREFACE The practical study is a supplement to the theoretical classroom knowledge. It helps to understand the subject more precisely. The present book entitled Comprehensive Laboratory Manual in Biology meant for class XI under pattern of Central Board of Secondary Education. The subject matter of the book has been written in accordance with the latest syllabi prescribed by the CBSE and other boards of secondary education. The book has been designed as a reference rather than copy down the instruments. This book has its own identity because of the following features : The subject matter has been written in a simple and lucid language. A brief information about theoretical aspect of the experiments has been given in the beginning of each experiment. Each experiment has been fairly illustrated with all possible details. A number of viva voce questions have been given at the end of each experiment. It is confidently hoped that the book will serve as a faithful guide and will help the students to understand the practicals in better way. Suggestions for the improvement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged. AUTHOR ( x )

10 SYLLABUS CLASS XI (PRACTICALS) Time : 3 Hours Marks : Periods 1. Experiments and spotting 20 marks 2. Record of one investigatory project and Viva based on the project 5 marks 3. Class record and Viva based on experiments 5 marks 30 marks A. List of Experiments 1. Study and describe three locally available common flowering plants, one from each of the families Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae including dissection and display of floral whorls and anther and ovary to show number of chambers. Types of root (Tap and Adventitious); Stem (Herbaceous and woody); Leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound). 2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary). 3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer. 4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g., Rhoeo leaves). 5. Study of distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surface of leaves. 6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surface of leaves. 7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats. To detect these in suitable plant and animal materials. 8. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography. 9. To study the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. 10. To test the presence of urea in urine. 11. To detect the presence of sugar in urine. 12. To detect the presence of albumin in urine. 13. To detect the presence of bile salts in urine. B. Study/observation of the following (spotting) 1. Study parts of a compound microscope. 2. Study of the specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, mushroom, Yeast, liverwort, moss, fern, Pinus, one monocotyledonous plant and one dicotyledonous plant and one lichen. 3. Study of specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons Amoeba, Hydra, Liverfluke, Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honeybee, snail, starfish, shark, Rohu, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit. 4. Study of tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant and animal cells (e.g., palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, squamous ( xi )

11 ( xii ) epithelium, muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear) through temporary/permanent slides. 5. Study of mitosis in onion root tips cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides. 6. Study of different modifications in root, stem and leave. 7. Study and identification of different types of inflorescences (cymose and racemose). 8. Study of imbibition in seeds/raisins. 9. Observation and comments on the experimental set up for showing: (a) Anaerobic respiration (b) Phototropism (c) Apical bud removal (d) Suction due to transpiration 10. Study of human skeleton and different types of joints. 11. Study of external morphology of cockroach through specimens/models.

12 PART I INTRODUCTION

14 1. Introduction Science is a systematised study based on facts and observations. It involves curiosity, inquisitiveness and unbiased analysis. Most of the scientific work is done in a laboratory. It provides an opportunity to a person with scientific frame of mind to see and study various aspects of an object under observation. Hence, a biology student too, is obliged to attend laboratory workout with utmost sincerity, honesty and inquisitiveness. In biology practical classes, a student studies detailed structures both morphological, histological and physiological aspects of plants and animals. The practical work includes : 1. Physiological experiments. 2. Section cutting and mountings. 3. Culture of animals. 4. Study of prepared slides. 5. Study of museum specimens. 6. Microscopic preparation of slides. 7. Core experiments and project work etc. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. While coming to the laboratory for practical class you should have the practical notebook, pencil, pencil eraser, sharpner, scale and complete set of dissecting instruments. 2. Come well prepared with the work you are supposed to do in the practical class. 3. Before starting the experiment or work listen carefully to the instructions given by the teacher. 4. Do not consult your classmates for any help. Get your difficulties solved from teacher only. 5. Maintain a complete silence and working atmosphere in the laboratory. 6. Never encourage lending either to or from your classmates. 7. Keep your seat, instruments and practical record well arranged and tidy. 8. Clean and arrange your seat before you leave the laboratory. EQUIPMENTS Each student, while coming to the laboratory for the practical work, is required to bring certain equipments. These include : 1. A practical note book (record book) to record various experiments and to draw the diagrams. 2. A manual (book) of practical biology to compare the details of slides, specimens and experiments with the information given in the book. 3. Drawing pencil (HB) and pencil eraser to record and draw the diagrams. 4. Two forceps, one pair of scissors, two long handle dissecting needles, a sharp razor or blade, a dropper and a brush for the preparation of slides and study of plant and animal tissues. 3

15 4 COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL IN BIOLOGY XI 5. A clean and soft handkerchief to keep the equipments seat clean. 6. Any item more as per instructions of the teacher. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF INSTRUMENTS Keep the instruments, glasswares and other equipments at a proper and specified place to avoid confusion and disturbance. The glassware and apparatus used by you should be properly washed and cleaned before keeping it. Handle the instrument carefully. Carelessness will not only damage the instrument but may also cause injury to you. PRACTICAL RECORD Record keeping is most important in practical. Practical record should be neat and clean and up-to-date. Draw diagrams of all the specimens, slides and the experiments and also write their comments. On the right side of the record note book, draw diagrams of the experiment with date on top of the page. Diagrams should be correctly drawn and well labelled. Notes and observations should always be written on the left side on a ruled paper. Always get the signature of the teacher in the practical note book on each day after the practical. Since some marks (generally 5 out of 30) are reserved for the practical record in the practical examination, so it must be maintained in neat and tidy form. STUDY OF SLIDES While studying slides under the microscope, do not disturb the slide focussed by the teacher. If you are not able to follow, seek the help of your teacher. Draw the diagram from the slide directly and not from the book. STUDY OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS Study the characteristics of the specimen from the book. Try to find out those characteristics in the specimen. Diagram should be drawn from the actual specimen. Take help of the book for comparing and labelling the various parts. Sketch line diagrams. Shading should be avoided. Write the classification and comments of the specimen on left page of the note book. TEMPORARY MOUNTS Prepare the temporary mount neatly, observe the mount under the microscope and draw the diagram of the material in the note book. PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS Device the experiment as per the instructions carefully. Record the correct observations. Do not manipulate the results. If some deviation is there, discuss it with the teacher. DRAWING THE DIAGRAMS Observe and study the specimen or slide well before drawing it in the record book. Draw first a rough outline of the diagram with light pencil and then draw in firm lines. The diagram should have proportionate size of each part. Draw the diagrams in the middle of the page so that you get plenty of space for labelling its different parts. All the labels should be parallel. Draw a fine line from each part of the figure up to the label. These lines should not cross each other.

16 Comprehensive Laboratory Manual in Biology Class-XI 40% OFF Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : Author : Dr. J. P. Sharma Type the URL : Get this ebook

PREFACE. Best of luck to all the aspirants! Publisher. Yours faithfully

PREFACE. Best of luck to all the aspirants! Publisher. Yours faithfully PREFACE Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and taxonomy. It provides detailed