Comprehensive PRACTICAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS X

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2 Comprehensive PRACTICAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS X Strictly according to new syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and State Boards of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya and other States following NCERT Curriculum By S. P. Saxena M.Sc. M.Ed. Rtd. Principal State Awardee, NCR Delhi Formerly Junior Science Counsellor, Dte. of Edu. NCT Delhi, TV Officer of School Science Programmes Dheeraj Saxena B.Sc. LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHI BOSTON, USA

3 All rights reserved with the Publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : Fax : info@laxmipublications.com Price : ` Only. New Edition OFFICES Bangalore Chennai Cochin , Guwahati , Hyderabad Jalandhar Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai , Ranchi T COMP. (P) SCIENCE X Typeset at ABRO Enterprises, Delhi. C 2684/010/12 Printed at Ajit Printers, Delhi.

4 CONTENTS Syllabus (xi) (xii) Categories of Practical Skills (xiii) Introduction 1 24 TERM I Chemical Substances Nature and Behaviour (25 42) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Objective: To find the ph of the following samples by using ph paper/ universal indicator. (i ) Dilute hydrochloric acid, (ii ) Dilute NaOH solution, (iii ) Dilute ethanoic acid solution, (iv ) Lemon juice, (v ) Water, (vi) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl and NaOH) by their reaction with (i) Litmus solution (Blue/Red), (ii) Zinc metal, (iii) Solid sodium carbonate (A) To carry out the reactions of an acid (HCl) with (i) litmus solution (blue and red), (ii) zinc metal (iii) solid sodium carbonate (B) To carry out the reactions of a base (NaOH) with (i) litmus solution (blue and red) (ii) zinc metal (iii) solid sodium carbonate Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Metals and Non-Metals (43 58) Experiment 3 Objective: To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into: (i) Combination reaction (ii) Decomposition reaction (iii) Displacement reaction (iv) Double displacement reaction (v)

5 (vi) 1. Action of water on quick lime 2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals 3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution 4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Reactivity of Metals (59 66) Experiment 4 Objective: (a) To observe action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions : (i) ZnSO 4 (aq), (ii) FeSO 4 (aq), (iii) CuSO 4 (aq), (iv) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) (b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above results Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Effects of Current (67 98) Experiment 5 Experiment 6 Experiment 7 Objective: To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series Objective: To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel (For Experiments 6 and 7) Multiple Choice Questions (For Experiments 6 and 7) Questions from NCERT Lab Manual (For Experiments 6 and 7) Life Processes I (99 123) Experiment 8 Objective: To prepare temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual

6 (vii) Experiment 9 Experiment 10 Objective: To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration Experiment 10A Objective: To show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual SAMPLE PAPER TERM II Carbon Compound ( ) Experiment 1 Objective: To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) : (i) odour, (ii) solubility in water, (iii) effect on litmus, (iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Experiment 2 Objective: To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap Experiment 3 Objective: To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water (For Experiments 2 and 3) Multiple Choice Questions (For Experiments 2 and 3) Questions from NCERT Lab Manual (For Experiments 2 and 3) Light ( ) Experiment 4 Objective: To determine the focal length of (a) Concave mirror (b) Convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object (A) To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of a distant object (B) To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object

7 (viii) Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Experiment 5 Experiment 6 Experiment 7 Experiment 8 Experiment 9 Experiment 10 SAMPLE PAPER Objective: To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab and measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, the angle of emergence and interpret the result Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism and measure the angle of deviation Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw corresponding ray diagram to show the nature of image formed Multiple Choice Questions Life Processes II ( ) Objective: To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides Multiple Choice Questions Questions from NCERT Lab Manual Objective: To study homology and analogy with the help of preserved/ available specimens of either animals or plants Multiple Choice Questions Objective To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney bean) Multiple Choice Questions APPENDIX I Thermometers and their Standardisation APPENDIX II Measurement and Weighing APPENDIX III Preparation of Standard Solutions/Reagents/Stains

8 PREFACE Dear students, In this age of nail-biting competition, it really helps to be well equipped in subject knowledge in order to break the ice in the competitive area. So, while the market is flooded with numerous repetitions of books which mar your intellectuality and competency, we have endeavoured to reach out to your widen examination needs in this edition. Keeping in mind the broader comprehensive needs of subject knowledge, we have put in our best efforts in this book. Present book, Comprehensive Practical Science for Class X is strictly based on the new CBSE syllabus and NCERT course curriculum framework. An honest effort has been made in this book to attain underlying objectives of syllabus, such as developing problem solving and decision making skills; understanding and appreciating the joint enterprise of science, technology and society; acquiring process skills which form part of the attitude for developing a scientific temper; developing certain manipulative skills which are required in day-to-day life situations, etc. This practical book covers required practicals prescribed in the new syllabus in all the science disciplines i.e., Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Multiple Choice Questions are also added with each practical to attempt well in Multiple Choice Written Test for testing practical skills. Thus, this book fully covers the Scheme of Evaluation. CBSE has recommended examinations for Science Practicals for Class IX and X as given below: 1. Termwise examination (First term from 1st April to 30th September, Second term from 1st October to 31st March). 2. Hands on practical examination will be conducted through formative assessment once in every term. This includes (i) Experiment set up (ii) Observation (iii) Record of observation/data (iv) Analysis of observation (v) Conclusion/Inference drawn by the student (vi) Practical Record File (vii) Viva. 3. Assessment of Practical Skills through MCQs will be in every term end summative assessment. Some of the salient features of the book are : Practical exercises are strictly according to the New CBSE Curriculum. Experiments are given termwise. Practical Exercises/Experiments are dealt very methodically i.e., according to scientific method/ process or/and pattern approved by the eminent experts. SI units are used where necessary. Use of locally available required materials have been suggested, as far as possible, for conduction of experiments in the local laboratories. Multiple choice questions related to experiment/theory of the practical/principles are given at the end of each experiment to test practical skills. Categories of Practical Skills are given after the list of experiments. According to marking scheme issued by the CBSE, Sample Question Papers have been given at the end of experiments of each term. Although I have taken care and laid down all efforts to remove any discrepancy which might have crept in, yet criticisms or suggestions are always solicited from your end. Thanking you in anticipation for your co-operation. Please do write to author or our publishers wishing for your success. Authors (ix)

10 SYLLABUS PRACTICALS CLASS X Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes FIRST TERM 1. To find the ph of the following samples by using ph paper/universal indicator. (a) Dilute Hydrochloric acid (b) Dilute NaOH solution (c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution (d) Lemon juice (e) Water (f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution. 2. To study the properties of acids and bases HCl and NaOH by their reaction with (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc metal (c) Solid sodium carbonate 3. To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into: (i) Combination reaction (ii) Decomposition reaction (iii) Displacement reaction (iv) Double displacement reaction. (1) Action of water on quick lime. (2) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals (3) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution (4) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions. 4. (a) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions: (i) ZnSO 4 (aq.) (ii) FeSO 4 (aq.) (iii) CuSO 4 (aq.) (iv) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq.) (b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result. (xi)

11 (xii) 5. To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I. 6. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series. 7. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel. 8. To prepare a temporary mount of leaf peel to show stomata. 9. To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis. 10. To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration. PRACTICALS Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes SECOND TERM 1. To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid): (i) odour (ii) solubility in water (iii) effect on litmus (iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate 2. To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap. 3. To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water. 4. To determine the focal length of (i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object. 5. To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result. 6. To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides. 7. To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism. 8. To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw corresponding ray diagram to show the nature of image formed. 9. To study homology and analogy with the help of preserved/available specimens of either animals or plants. 10. To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney bean).

12 CATEGORIES OF PRACTICAL SKILLS A. Procedural and Manipulative Skills To select appropriate apparatus/instrument for performing the experiment. know the limitations of the apparatus/instrument regarding their size, least count and accuracy. arrange/assemble/set and adjust the apparatus systematically. handle the apparatus, instrument, chemicals carefully to avoid any damage or injury. perform the experiment with reasonable efficiency and accuracy. separate and remove desired parts of a specimen for detailed study without damaging it. use appropriate methods and materials for specimen mounting. locate and rectify the errors in apparatus, instruments, etc. add chemicals in appropriate quantity. dismantle the experimental set-up carefully. practise the precautions in handling sensitive apparatus or chemicals or flame. B. Observational Skills To find the least count of the instrument. read the instrument correctly. notice colour change, evolution of gases, formation of precipitates, chemical reactions, etc. carefully. notice the relevant details in the given specimens minutely. locate the desired parts in a specimen accurately. take observations carefully and in a systematic manner. read graph correctly. C. Drawing Skills To make proper observation tables. draw circuit diagrams, ray diagram, experimental set-up, sketches, etc. correctly and proportionately. label sketches and diagrams correctly. draw graphs from observed data correctly. D. Reporting and Interpretative Skills To make a proper plan for recording the observation. record the observation/data/information correctly and systematically. classify and categorize organisms. make correct calculations/predictions. use proper formulae and mode of summarising and reporting the result. report the result using correct symbols, units, terms and chemical equations. interpret the observation and results correctly. (xiii)

13 INTRODUCTION A scientist always likes to be in his laboratory for his internal joy and to satisfy his curiosity, to find the truth of the phenomenon happening around. He feels greatest joy to accomplish original work for the betterment of the human beings. Science is both the product and the process. The product of science is what has been achieved by scientists, through their experiments, as theories, laws and principles of science. The process of science is the ways, methods and skills through which scientific achievements are being attained. By adopting scientific method we can develop scientific temper. One develops scientific temper only when he/she adopts scientific method in solving problems. Thus, scientific temper does not relate to science teaching but also helps us in solving problems in our day to day life. How can we develop scientific temper in our children? The only ways are: (a) Demonstration of experiments by the teacher by strictly adopting scientific method so that the students can visualise how does the scientist adopt and perform scientific method. (b) Students themselves perform science experiments/practicals so that they themselves undergo the scientific processes such as identification of problem, formulation, hypothesis, experimentation, collection of data, drawing inference on the basis of data obtained. It also includes verification of experiments done by the scientists or other fellows. This inculcates scientific temper amongst students i.e., a spirit of team work, rational thinking, acceptance of other s ideas, openmindedness, communication skill, manipulation of equipments etc. Experimentation by the students also provides Learning by doing and correlation between the theory and practical verification. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS For doing practical work smoothly, effectively and more efficiently in the laboratory, students must follow the following important instructions: 1. A student must carry with him/her the following things, needed for doing experiments effectively. Carry the following things on each practical turn: (a) Practical book (b) Laboratory notebook (Practical record book) (c) Auxiliary notebook for keeping record before entering into the final practical record book. 1

14 2 PRACTICAL SCIENCE X (d) A scale (e) A pencil (preferably HB) (f) A sharpener (g) An eraser 2. Always occupy the seat allotted to you by your teacher in the laboratory. This will save your time and will avoid confusion. It is always better if you seriously and silently reach your laboratory within 2 3 minutes after the previous period is over. 3. Preparation. Before actually performing an experiment, you must observe the following things: (i) Listen the instructions given by your teacher carefully. (ii) Clearly understand the objective of the experiment, the theory of the practical, apparatus needed, precautions to be observed. 4. Apparatus. Select right type of apparatus, check the apparatus before starting the work. Never use an item of apparatus about which you have not been instructed earlier. Handle all the apparatus very carefully and return the various items of apparatus to their respective place after use. If you use glassware or washable apparatus, you must wash or clean the apparatus after use before keeping the apparatus at its original position. Carelessness not only causes the damage to the instrument or apparatus but may also cause injury or infection to the other students. 5. Experimentation (i) Follow precautions meant for the experiment strictly. Precautions are to be actually observed while doing the experiment. (ii) Take at least three observations systematically and record them honestly on the practical notebook/record book. Never write your observation on a loose paper. Do not make the attempt to cook or overwrite observations in order to get good results. (iii) Take every observation at least three times, even though their values each time may be exactly the same. You must know the proper plan for recording the observations. In most of the experiments, recording in tabular form is essential. 6. Cleanliness. See that your apparatus, seat and surroundings are neat and clean. Observe cleanliness at all levels of the work. 7. Disposal of waste. Dispose off waste material as early as possible. Do not mix solid waste with the liquid waste. Wash liquid chemical waste down the sink with lot of water. Deposit broken glassware at the proper place. 8. Some Don ts (i) Do not enter the science laboratory in the absence of teacher. (ii) Do not sit or lean or scribble on the working table. (iii) Do not try any secret experiment. (iv) Do not use anything from unlabelled containers or bottles. (v) Do not work with all doors and windows closed. (vi) Do not heat inflammable material directly on flame.

15 INTRODUCTION 3 (vii) Do not inhale fumes of chemicals. If you want to smell the odour of a gas or vapour, use your hand to waft a small sample of the gas towards your nose (Fig. 1). (viii) Do not heat a liquid in a test tube that is pointed towards your classmate or you. Sometimes liquid bumps out of the test tube and may cause injury to your classmate or you (see Fig. 2). TEST TUBE HOLDER WAFTING ODOUR TEST TUBE LIQUID TEST TUBE BURNER SUBSTANCE Fig. 1. Correct way to smell the odour. Fig. 2. Proper method of heating ; keep the mouth of the test tube away from you or your classmate s face. (ix) Do not add water directly to a strong acid. Always pour acid into water for dilution (Fig. 3) and stir gently. MEASURING CYLINDER CLOTH GLASS ROD CONCENTRATED ACID GENTLE TWIST BEAKER HAND CLOSE WATER CORK Fig. 3. Correct way of dilution of acids. Add conc. acid to water slowly through a glass rod. Fig. 4. Correct way of inserting a glass tube or thermometer in a cork.

COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X First Term Marks: 90

COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X First Term Marks: 90 Unit No. Unit Marks Theme: Materials I Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour 33 II World of Living 21 IV Effects of Current 29 V Natural Resources 07 Unit