Chemical properties of acids and bases
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1 Student s Name: Date: Chemical properties of acids and bases Background Acids and bases are two classes of compounds that have wide application in industrial and household chemistry. Acids are substances that donate (give away) protons and in aqueous solutions, produce hydrogen ions (H + ). Commonly used acids include hydrochloric acid, (spirits of salts), sulfuric acid (car battery acid) and ethanoic or acetic acid (vinegar). Bases are substances that accept protons, and in aqueous solutions, produce hydroxide (OH - ) ions. Commonly used bases are sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda) and ammonium hydroxide (household or cloudy ammonia). In this activity you will study some of the important properties of acids and bases. Equipment and Chemicals Bunsen burner hydrochloric acid [HCl] 2 mol L -1 (30 ml) dropper sodium hydroxide solution [NaOH] 2 mol L -1 (30 ml) test tubes x 6 limewater [Ca(OH) 2 ] (20 ml) taper vinegar [ 3 4% CH 3 COOH] (2 ml) About 1 g of each of these compounds below: copper (II) oxide [CuO] sodium hydrogen carbonate [NaHCO 3 ] ammonium chloride [NH 4 Cl] lighter calcium carbonate (marble chips) [CaCO 3 ] blue litmus paper Two pea sized pieces of these metals: sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate) [NaCH 3 COO] red litmus paper aluminium [Al] sodium sulfide [Na 2 S] stopper fitted with flexible thin gas deliver tube (to fit test tubes) copper [Cu] sodium sulfite [Na 2 SO 3 ] iron [Fe] magnesium [Mg] zinc [Zn] STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 1
2 Safety Method acids & bases Use the results table (pages 8 and 9) to record your observations. Na 2 S A - Effect of acids and bases on litmus paper Put a drop of 2 mol L -1 HCl onto pieces of red and blue litmus paper. Put a drop of 2 mol L -1 NaOH onto pieces of red and blue litmus paper. Record your what you see. B - Reactions of acids with metals Put pea-sized pieces of Mg, Zn, Al and Cu into separate test tubes. Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to each. If there is no visible reaction, use the Bunsen burner to gently warm the mixture in the test tube. If a gas is evolved, collect it by inverting (turn upside down) another test tube over the opening of the reaction test tube. Keep the collection tube inverted (upside down) and hold a lighted taper near the open end as shown in the diagram below. inverted test to collect gas collected gas to be tested lit taper or a long match reaction in test tube collecting a gas sample pop - testing a gas sample Record what you see and hear. STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 2
3 C Reactions of bases with metals Repeat the procedure from Part B but using 2 mol L -1 NaOH. Record what you see and hear. D Reaction of Acids with metal oxides Put a pea-sized piece of CuO in a test tube. Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl and heat the solution gently and let it stand for a few minutes. hydrochloric acid [HCl] copper oxide [CuO] test tube holder Write down the colour of the solution produced after heating. E Reaction of strong acids with anions of weak acids 1. Carbonates (CO -2 3 ) Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to some marble chips in a test tube. Pass some of the gas produced into limewater as shown on the diagram below. gas delivery tube Record what you see. hydrochloric acid HCl marble chips lime water STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 3
4 2. Hydrogen carbonates HCO 3 - Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to some sodium hydrogen carbonate [NaHCO 3 ] in a test tube. Pass some of the gas produced into limewater as shown on the diagram below. gas delivery tube Record what you see. hydrochloric acid HCl sodium hydrogen carbonate [NaHCO 3 ] lime water 3. Sulfides S 2- Safety Note Do this part in the Fume Cupboard Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to a small amount of sodium sulfide [Na 2 S] in a test tube. hydrochloric acid [HCl] sodium sulfide [Na S] 2 Note the smell of sulfides. Sulfides are poisonous gases and should be sniffed carefully by wafting. The gas produced has a characteristic odour very much like rotten eggs. STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 4
5 4. Sulfites SO 3 2- Safety Note Do this part in the Fume Cupboard Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to a small amount of sodium sulfite [Na 2 SO 3 ] in a test tube. Warm the mixture gently with a Bunsen burner. hydrochloric acid [HCl] test tube holder sodium sulfite [Na SO ] 2 3 Wet some red and blue litmus paper with distilled water. Put each piece of litmus close to the test tube opening and write the colour of each in your results table. red litmus paper blue litmus paper Carefully sniff (smell) the gas by WAFTING it towards your nose. STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 5
6 5. Ethanoates (acetates) CH 3 COO - Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 HCl to a small amount of sodium ethanoate [NaCH 3 COO] in a test tube. Warm the mixture gently with a Bunsen burner. test tube holder hydrochloric acid [HCl] sodium ethanoate [NaCH COO] 3 Carefully smell the solution and try to name the substance produced. F Neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong base Put 10 drops of 2 mol L -1 HCl into a test tube and add a small piece of blue litmus paper. HCl 2 M blue litmus paper Write the colour of the litmus paper in the results sheet. Add 2 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide [NaOH] drop by drop to the test tube until the litmus paper changes colour. NaOH 2 M blue litmus paper STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 6
7 G Reaction of strong bases with cations of weak bases Add 2-3 ml of 2 mol L -1 sodium hydroxide [NaOH] to a small amount of solid ammonium chloride. Warm the mixture gently until it is almost boiling. test tube holder sodium hydroxide [NaOH] ammonium chloride [NH Cl] 4 Test the gas produced using wet red and blue litmus paper. red litmus paper blue litmus paper Carefully smell the gas by WAFTING some of it towards your nose. STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 7
8 Data Table A - Effect of acids and bases on litmus paper HCl - acid NaOH - base red litmus paper blue litmus paper B - Reactions of acids with metals observations pop-test results Mg + HCl Zn + HCl Al + HCl Cu + HCl C Reactions of bases with metals observations pop-test results Mg + NaOH Zn + NaOH Al + NaOH Cu + NaOH D Reaction of Acids with metal oxides CuO colour before heating CuO + HCl colour after heating STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 8
9 E Reaction of strong acids with anions of weak acids 1. Carbonates (CO 3-2 ) description of gas colour lime water test result HCl + CaCO 3 2. Hydrogen carbonates HCO 3 - description of gas colour lime water test result HCl + NaHCO 3 3. Sulfides S 2- description of gas colour description of gas smell HCl + Na 2 S 4. Sulfites SO 3 2- description of description colour of colour of gas colour of gas smell red litmus blue litmus HCl + Na 2 SO 3 5. Ethanoates (acetates) CH 3 COO - description of smell HCl + NaCH 3 COO F Neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong base colour of litmus paper 10 drops HCl + blue litmus paper add NaOH drop by drop until colour changes STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 9
10 G Reaction of strong bases with cations of weak bases description of description colour of colour of gas colour of gas smell red litmus blue litmus NaOH + NH 4 Cl Post Lab Assignment Summarise the properties you have found about dilute acids and bases by completing the following general equations: 1. acid + reactive metal 2. acid + metal oxide 3. acid + carbonate 4. acid + hydrogen carbonate 5. acid + sulfide 6. acid + sulfite 7. acid + ethanoate (acetate) 9. acid + strong base 10. base + amphoteric metal 11. base + ammonium salt STAWA39.doc Adapted from STAWA Exp 39 Page 10
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