Carl F. Blackman, Ph.D. Former President ( ) of The Bioelectromagnetics Society Raleigh, NC USA
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1 Intensity is not the only Fundamental EMF Measure: the importance of modulation for production of low intensity biological effects, and other variables & conditions Carl F. Blackman, Ph.D. Former President ( ) of The Bioelectromagnetics Society Raleigh, NC USA presented at the International EMF Conference Stavanger, Norway 17 November 2009 Sponsored by Norges Miljovernforbund Opinions are my own and not necessarily those of my employer
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7 EMF Chemical
8 Log 10 of P 1 mw/cm 2 = 10 W/m 2 Blackman et al., Bioelectromagnetics 10:115,1989 Power Density, mw/cm 2
9 Intensity - Calcium efflux; 16 Hz from Blackman et al. Rad Res. 92: , 1982.
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11 EMF Chemical
12 mgrms (69 nt) - calcium efflux Eggs incubated in 60-Hz fields normalized exp - sham from Blackman et al. Bioelectromagnetics 9:215, 1988
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14 Frequency and magnetic-field strength combinations that influence calcium ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro P < 0.05 P > 0.05 fixed intensity Frequency, Hz fixed frequency Magnetic Field Strength, mg (rms)
15 Two major features of EMF exposure Intensity Frequency Non-linear responses Responsible mechanism - unknown Present Standards IGNORE these responses
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18 EMF Chemical / response
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20 Off resonance B dc = 20 mg %NO On resonance B dc = 591 mg B ac, mgrms
21 Relative orientation of AC and Static (DC) Magnetic Fields ~> Competing chemical pathways
22 EMF Chemical / response
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24 EMF Chemical / response
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26 Dedifferentiation - Chiabrera et al. amphibian RBC Micro-nuclei - Scarfi et al. WBC from Turner s Syndrome patients DNA synthesis - Takahashi et al. Chinese hamster V-79 cells
27 Influence of Frequency on DNA Synthesis Takahashi et al., Experientia 42: 185-6, 1986
28 Influence of Pulse Width on DNA synthesis Takahashi et al., Experientia 42: 185-6, 1986
29 Influence of Intensity on DNA Synthesis Takahashi et al., Experientia 42: 185-6, 1986
30 EMF Chemical / bioresponse
31 When temperature of chick brain is held constant during the 20 minutes of exposure Enhanced efflux only seen at 36 & 37 C, not at 35 or 38 C
32 EMF Chemical / bioresponse
33 Frequency and magnetic-field strength combinations that influence calcium ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro P < 0.05 P > 0.05 fixed intensity Frequency, Hz fixed frequency Magnetic Field Strength, mg (rms)
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37 Yes, it is possible for avians
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39 In Vitro results do NOT demonstrate health risks, however, results do demonstrate: Cautious when evaluate exposure scenarios ~> exact EMF exposure conditions are critical Physiological state of cells is very important ~> temperature; imprinting; genetics Can use in vitro findings to identify exposure parameters to examine in vivo Do NOT treat EMF as a single chemical
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47 The End Do NOT treat EMF as a single chemical Do more than just measure intensity
48 The End!
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50 LGF B + E + - B LGF B E E LGF from Blackman et al. BEMS 11:159, 1990
51 DC = 20 mg DC = 366 mg from Blackman et al. FASEB J 9:547, 1995
52 Endpoint measurement analysis
53 Standard analyses - - Uses averages of exposed & control groups Marino demonstrated a new analysis - Few reports have noted changes in - Has potential to alter analytical approaches Conclusion -> there is much that remains to be explained in EMF biological effects research
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56 Null result Significant from Blackman et al. BEMS 6:327, 1985
57 < o o 366 < 2
58 AC / DC Orientation Dependence NGF-stimulated PC-12 cells from Blackman et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220: , 1996
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Comparing Laboratory and Human Exposures 5.1. Laboratory Animals - Electric Induction 5.2. Laboratory Animals - Magnetic Induction
52 5. Comparing Laboratory and Exposures Studies of the bioeffects of power-frequency fields described in the preceding sections, involve many different subjects, exposure systems, and exposure regimens.
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