Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics
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1 Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the different types of ionizing radiation. 1
2 Radiation in Pop Culture Different Types of Radiation 2
3 Ionizing Radiation Damages DNA. Produces free radicals by damaging water molecules. Radiation Damage Deterministic Threshold dose Local radiation injury Acute radiation syndrome Stochastic Random Oncogenesis Teratogenesis Cell Sensitivity High Low Embryos!!! Blood-forming organs (numbers). Cancer cells / tumors. GI tract. Skin (including hair follicles). Muscles. Central nervous system. 3
4 What is an Atom Composed Off? Why do Certain Atoms Emit Radiation and are Radioactive? Example of an Alpha Particle Emitter: Polonium-210 Alpha particles Positively charged, easily stopped by a thin paper, do not present an external hazard. Inhaled/ingested, can result in significant organ damage. 4
5 Example of a Beta Particle Emitter: Carbon-14 Beta particles Negatively charged. electrons, can travel several centimeters through air. Stopped by clothes. If internalized can cause problems. beta burn. Example of a Gamma Ray Emitter: Cesium-137 Gamma rays Electromagnetic waves. Gamma rays are the same as x-rays -- the difference is their source from within the atom: nuclear for gamma, extranuclear for X-rays. Are a significant hazard (depending on duration of exposure, distance from the source, and type of shielding). Example of a Neutron Emitter: Uranium-235 Neutrons Neutron irradiation can turn previously nonradioactive materials radioactive. Uncharged. Causes whole body irradiation like Gamma rays. Emitted from fission reactions. Wikipedia 5
6 Differences CDC Video Radiation Measurement Units S.I. Formula USA 1 Becquerel (Bq)= 1/3.6x10 10 x Curie (Ci) 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 x RAD 1 Sievert (Sv) = 100 x REM 6
7 Difference Between RAD and REM - Gray and Sievert RAD and Gray express the amount of energy deposited per gram of tissue or material. REM and Seivert express the health effect from the radiation deposited in a specific organ by a specific type of radiation. For gamma rays 1 RAD = 1 REM. What is a Radiation Source Activity? Activity reflects how radioactive a source is. How many disintergrations or decays are occurring every second. As time passes, a radioactive source is no longer radioactive. The amount of time needed depends on the source radiological half life. Physical Half Life Time required for activity to be reduced by ½ Specific to each radionuclide I-131 = 8 day Cs-134 = 2 yr Cs-137 = 30 yr 7
8 Biological and Effective Half-Life Biological: time required for body to eliminate ½ of a particular element Effective: combined effect of radioactive decay and physical elimination Effective half-life is ALWAYS less than physical or biological half-life Where is Radiation Found? Natural sources Radon Cosmic rays Man-made sources Radon Map Georgia 8
9 Background Radiation ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable Work activities in radiation areas must be carefully planned to minimize radiation doses to workers Dose to general public kept low Control of releases of radioactive materials to the environment 9
10 Summary Points Ionizing radiation damages cells and DNA. Ionizing radiation includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and neutrons. People are exposed to background radiation at all times. Any Questions? 10
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