College Physics B - PHY2054C

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1 College - PHY2054C Physics - Radioactivity 11/24/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building

2 Review Question 1 Isotopes of an element A have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. B have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a different number of electrons. C have different number of protons. D have different number of electrons. E have the same number of neutrons and protons.

3 Review Question 1 Isotopes of an element A have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. B have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a different number of electrons. C have different number of protons. D have different number of electrons. E have the same number of neutrons and protons.

4 Review Question 2 Which of the following is the α particle? A 1 0 n B 1 1 H C 4 2 He D 1 1 p

5 Review Question 2 Which of the following is the α particle? A 1 0 n B 1 1 H C 4 2 He D 1 1 p

6 Review Question 3 What is the missing element from the reaction: A Rn Ra? He? B Rn C Rn D Rn E Rn

7 Review Question 3 What is the missing element from the reaction: A Rn Ra? He? B Rn C Rn D Rn E Rn

8 Review Question 4 Which of the following about γ rays is true? A They carry a positive charge. B They carry a negative charge. C They can be deflected by a magnetic field. D They can be deflected by an electric field. E They have zero rest mass and a neutral charge.

9 Review Question 4 Which of the following about γ rays is true? A They carry a positive charge. B They carry a negative charge. C They can be deflected by a magnetic field. D They can be deflected by an electric field. E They have zero rest mass and a neutral charge.

10 Outline

11 Individual nuclei decay one at a time, at random times: It is not possible to predict when a particular nucleus will decay (feature of quantum mechanics). The probability is specified in terms of the half-life of a given nucleus, τ 1/2.

12 Individual nuclei decay one at a time, at random times: It is not possible to predict when a particular nucleus will decay (feature of quantum mechanics). The probability is specified in terms of the half-life of a given nucleus, τ 1/2. Assume an initial number of nuclei, N 0, are present in a sample (t = 0):

13 Individual nuclei decay one at a time, at random times: It is not possible to predict when a particular nucleus will decay (feature of quantum mechanics). The probability is specified in terms of the half-life of a given nucleus, τ 1/2. Assume an initial number of nuclei, N 0, are present in a sample (t = 0): At time t = τ 1/2, half of the nuclei will have decayed. At time t = 2 τ 1/2, a quarter of the nuclei will have decayed....

14 Individual nuclei decay one at a time, at random times: It is not possible to predict when a particular nucleus will decay (feature of quantum mechanics). The probability is specified in terms of the half-life of a given nucleus, τ 1/2. Assume an initial number of nuclei, N 0, are present in a sample (t = 0): Decay constant, λ, is defined so that: N = N 0 e λ t τ 1/2 = ln 2/λ

15 Individual nuclei decay one at a time, at random times: It is not possible to predict when a particular nucleus will decay (feature of quantum mechanics). The probability is specified in terms of the half-life of a given nucleus, τ 1/2. Assume an initial number of nuclei, N 0, are present in a sample (t = 0): Decay constant, λ, is defined so that: N = N 0 e λ t τ 1/2 = ln 2/λ

16 Activity The strength of a radioactive sample is measured using a property called its activity: The activity is proportional to the number of nuclei that decay in one second. The official SI unit of activity is the Becquerel (Bq): 1 Bq = 1 decay / s

17 Activity The strength of a radioactive sample is measured using a property called its activity: The activity is proportional to the number of nuclei that decay in one second. Another common unit is the Curie (Ci): 1 Ci = decays / s

18 Outline

19 Proton Interactions fusion requires that like-charged nuclei get close enough to each other to fuse: nucleus 1 + nucleus 2 nucleus 3 + energy 1 Total mass decreases: E = mc 2 2 p + p d + e + + ν

20 Hydrogen Bomb

21 Albert Einstein Result of Theory of General Relativity

22 Proton Interactions fusion requires that like-charged nuclei get close enough to each other to fuse. This can happen only if the temperature is extremely high over 10 million K.

23 Fission

24 Solar

25 The Particle Zoo

26 Energy Balance Energy Generation in the Proton-Proton Chain 1 m 4 protons = kg 2 m helium 4 = kg m = kg

27 Energy Balance Energy Generation in the Proton-Proton Chain 1 m 4 protons = kg 2 m helium 4 = kg m = kg energy = mass (speed of light) 2 E = kg ( m/s) 2 = J The process converts about 0.71 % of the original mass into pure energy.

28 Energy Balance Energy Generation in the Proton-Proton Chain 1 m 4 protons = kg 2 m helium 4 = kg m = kg energy = mass (speed of light) 2 E = kg ( m/s) 2 = J The process converts about 0.71 % of the original mass into pure energy. Sun has a luminosity of W Mass consumption rate of roughly 600 million tons of hydrogen every second

29 Outline

30 The biological effects of radioactivity result from the way the decay or reaction products interact with atoms and molecules: The typical binding energy of an electron in an atom is on the order of 10 ev. The energy released in a nuclear reaction is typically several MeV. If one of the particles collides with an atomic electron, there is enough energy to eject the electron from the atom or break a chemical bond in molecules.

31 The biological effects of radioactivity result from the way the decay or reaction products interact with atoms and molecules: The typical binding energy of an electron in an atom is on the order of 10 ev. The energy released in a nuclear reaction is typically several MeV. If one of the particles collides with an atomic electron, there is enough energy to eject the electron from the atom or break a chemical bond in molecules. The amount of damage that a particular particle is capable of doing is difficult to predict. α, β and γ radiation all have different masses and charges and therefore interact with tissue in different ways. The amount of kinetic energy carried by a particle also varies.

32 Measuring Damage 1 Radiation Absorbed Dose rad 1 rad is the amount of radiation that deposits 10 2 J of energy into 1 kg of absorbing material. The unit accounts for both the amount of energy carried by the particle and the efficiency with which the energy is absorbed (SI unit is Gray: 1 Gray = 1 Gy = 1 J / kg = 100 rad). 2 Relative Effectiveness RBE This measures how efficiently a particular type of particle damages tissue. This accounts for the fact that different types of particles can do different amounts of damage even if they deposit the same amount of energy.

33 Measuring Damage RBE value tends to increase as particle mass increases. Röntgen Equivalent in Man rem: Dose in rem = (dose in rad) RBE (RBE = 1 for 200 kev X rays) This combines the amount and also the effectiveness of the radiation absorbed. SI unit is Sievert (Sv): 1 rem = 0.01 Sv = 10 msv

34 Measuring Damage When the radiation dose is low, cells are sometimes able to repair the damage: Especially if dose is absorbed over long periods of time. Generally, small amounts of radiation do not cause significant harm to living cells. If the radiation dose is very large, then cells can be completely destroyed. At intermediate doses, cells survive but often malfunction as a result of the damage: A typical result is that the affected cells reproduce in an uncontrolled fashion, leading to cancer.

35 Radiation Damage Radiation damage is usually most severe for quickly dividing cells: Many types of blood and bone marrow cells fall into the category. Cancerous cells are also quickly dividing, so radiation can be used as a tool to selectively destroy cancer cells. Cancerous cells are also quickly dividing, so radiation can be used as a tool to selectively destroy cancer cells: For example, an alpha particle outside the body will be stopped in the outer layer of skin and do relatively little damage. If a person ingests an alpha particle it can do a great deal of damage to nearby cells.

36 Radiation Exposure Values

37 Radiation Exposure Values For common medical procedures, benefits usually outweigh the risk of exposure.

38 Radiation Exposure Values For common medical procedures, benefits usually outweigh the risk of exposure. Natural exposure occurs from many sources: Cosmic rays a collection of many different types of particles from outer space. Radon produced by the decay of U in rocks and soil.

39 Radiation Exposure Values For common medical procedures, benefits usually outweigh the risk of exposure. Natural exposure occurs from many sources: Cosmic rays a collection of many different types of particles from outer space. Radon produced by the decay of U in rocks and soil. Cancer Treatment: Radioactive materials emit high energy electrons or gamma rays that kill nearby cancer cells. Also, accelerators can be used (particle therapy).

40 Outline

41 Cosmic rays interacting with atmospheric nitrogen produce 14 6 C 14 6 C is radioactive with a T 1/2 = 5730 years. Carbon dating is done by measuring the ratio of 14 6 C / 12 6 C and observing the decrease due to the decay of the 14 6 C.

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