Michael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer

Transcription

1 Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 4) Springer

2 Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics Definition of Health Physics Overview of the Role of Health Physics Employment of Health Physicists Educational Background Interaction of Health Physicists with Other Disciplines This Text and its Relation to a Training Program 4 Chapter 2. Scientific Fundamentals Quantities and Units in Science and Engineering Background Information Nature of Matter Molecules, Atoms, Quarks Excitation and Ionization Refinements to the Bohr Atom Characteristic X-rays Binding Energy The Chart of the Nuclides Some Elements of Quantum Theory Electromagnetic Radiation Wave/Particle Duality of Nature The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 17 Chapter 3. Radioactive Atoms Nature and Behavior Alpha Emission Positron Emission Orbital Electron Capture Beta (Minus) Emission Gamma Ray Emission Internal Conversion Electrons Auger Electrons Summary and Examples Transformation Kinetics Average Life (Mean Life) 34 xv

3 viü Table of Contents 3.11 Specific Activity Series Decay Time of Maximum Progeny Activity Tracing Radioactive Decay an the Chart of the Nuclides 40 Chapter 4. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Charged Particle Interaction Mechanisms Alpha Particle Interactions Beta Particle Interactions Specific Ionization Mass Stopping Power Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Bremsstrahlung Radiation Gamma Ray Interactions Mechanisms Photoelectric Effect Compton Effect Pair Production Photodisintegration Photon Attenuation and Absorption Coefficients Neutron Interactions Scattering Absorption 64 Chapter 5. Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Exposure Absorbed Dose and Equivalent Dose Radioactivity Particle and Energy Field Units 74 Chapter 6. Biological Effects of Radiation Introduction: Background Mechanisms of Radiation Damage to Biological Systems Biological Effects in Humans Nonstochastic Effects Death from Whole Body Exposure The Acute Radiation Syndrome Hemopoetic Syndrome Gastrointestinal (GI) Syndrome Central Nervous System (CNS) Syndrome Damage to Sldn Gonads Cataract Formation Stochastic Effects Cancer Leukemia Bone Cancer Lung Cancer Thyroid Cancer 97

4 Tobte of Contents ix Hereditary Effects Mathematical Models of Cancer Risk Cell Survival Studies Relative Biological Effectiveness 102 Chapter 7. The Basis for Regulation of Radiation Exposure Period 1: Period 2: Period 3: Period 4: Period 5: Period 6: Period 7: Period 8: Period 9: Period 10: 1966 Present Period 11: The Future Radiation Regulations An Acronym-onious History Introduction Scientific Advisory Bodies Regulatory Bodies 119 Chapter 8. Health Physics Instrumentation Thermal Reactions Chemical Reactions Electrical Devices Gas Filled Detectors Light Production: Scintillation Detectors Semiconductor Detectors Alpha and Gamma Spectroscopy/Spectrometry Personnel Monitoring Neutron Detection Calibration Considerations Photons Electrons/Beta Alpha Neutrons Counting Statistics Gaussian Distribution Poisson Distribution Propagation of Errors Mean Value of Multiple Independent Counts Minimum Detectable Activity Optimization of Limited Counting Time 176 Chapter 9. External Dose Assessment Dose from Discrete Photon Sources Specific Gamma Ray Emission Factor Point Source Line Source 182

5 x Table of Contents Plane Source Volume Source Dose from Discrete Electron Sources Hot Particles Dose from Discrete Neutron Sources Dose from Extended Sources Tritium and Noble Gases Computer Modeling in External Dose Assessment Literature Resources in External Dose Assessment 202 Chapter 10. Internal Dose Assessment Basic Concepts in Internal Dose Calculations Effective Half-Time Dosimetry Systems Marinelli-Quimby Method International Commission an Radiological Protection Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) System RADAR Internal Dose Calculations for Radiation Workers Internal Dose Calculations for Nuclear Medicine Patients 228 Chapter 11. Radiation Protection Practice/Evaluation Introduction External Protection Principles Shielding of Photon Sources Graded or Laminated Shielding Shielding of X-Ray Sources Shielding of Discrete Electron Sources Shielding of Neutron Sources Performing Radiation Surveys Principles of Optimization Protection of Workers from Internal Contamination Air Sampling Calculations Methods for Gathering Bioassay Data In-Vivo Counting In-vitro Measurements Interpretation of Bioassay Data Criticality and Criticality Control 291 Chapter 12. Environmental Monitoring for Radiation Types of Environmental Assessment Programs Types of Facilities Monitored Types of Samples and Sampling Strategies Direct Gamma Exposure Readings Airborne Concentrations of Radionuclides Long-Term Off-Site Monitoring Concentrations of Radionuclides in Water Concentrations of Radionuclides in Soil or Sediment Concentrations of Radionuclides in Biological Species (Biota) General Sampling Strategies and Techniques 323

6 Table of Contents xi 12.6 Sample Management Instrumentation Evaluation of the Data Radioactive Waste Management The Nuclear Fuel Cycle General Waste Types Site Evaluation 343 Chapter 13. Nonionizing Radiation Ultraviolet Radiation Lasers Radiofrequency Radiation, and Microwave Sources EMF Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 369 Index 374