Tritium in Drinking Water: Science, Regulation and Society
|
|
- Crystal Simpson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Tritium in Drinking Water: Science, Regulation and Society TAM-E: Environmental Section Special Session: Tritium in the Environment Presented To: 57th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society Sacramento - July 22-26, 2012 Presented By: Dr. Douglas Chambers 1
2 Purpose Ontario s Drinking Water Advisory Council (May 2009) proposed a drinking water standard for tritium of 20 Bq/L as a running average over 52 weeks because you can This paper examines the science and politics surrounding this proposal 2
3 Tritium An isotope of hydrogen (H-3) Naturally occurring via interaction of cosmic radiation with upper atmosphere Thermal neutron capture by a deuterium atom in a nuclear reactor Low energy beta emitter mean energy of 5.7 kev (maximum of 18.6 kev) range in tissue of about 6µm Only results in radiation dose if taken inside the body 3
4 Tritium cont d Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, it reacts chemically to form compounds in the same manner as hydrogen does and is seen as water and in organic compounds Most commonly in environment as water (HTO) Tritium can be incorporated into organic molecules (OBT) When bonded to O,S,N or P atoms considered exchangeable with biokinetics similar to HTO When bonded to C, considered non-exchangeable with longer residence in the body Can also be incorporated in DNA (tritiated thymidine) 4
5 Tritium cont d Radioactive half-life years Biological half-life (t 1/2 ) : 10 days HTO [99%] 40 days OBT [0.98%] ICRP recently introduced new OBT component with a larger t 1/2 of 350 days [0.02%] 5
6 Canadian Regulatory Considerations Current Health Canada and Ontario Drinking Water Guidelines based on WHO [2006] Recommend reference dose level (RDL) equal to 0.1 msv from 1 year s consumption of drinking water; Comprises 10% of the Canada s annual dose limit for members of the public; Dose coefficients for adults provided by the ICRP 6
7 Health Canada Guidelines Preparation Process Recommendations for drinking water quality guidelines are made by the Committee on Drinking Water, which is led by Health Canada and has representation from the provinces and territories. The recommendations go to the Committee on Health and the Environment for final approval. The Guidelines can then be adopted as regulations by the provincial and territorial authorities. 7
8 Formula for Calculating Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) MAC (Bq/L) = 0.1 (msv/y) 730 (L/y) DC (msv/bq) Where: 0.1 msv/y = dose constraint for drinking water, 730 L/y = adult drinking water consumption (2L/day), DC (msv/bq) = dose coefficient for HTO of Sv/Bq from ICRP-72 [updated ICRP model Sv/Bq ( after Taylor 2003)]. 8
9 Tritium Drinking Water Standards* Nuclear Reactors Jurisdiction CANDU Total Tritium Standard (Bq/L) Canada msv rounded ,000 EU indicator parameter [TID = 7,600] Finland 0.5 msv ,000 Australia 1.0 msv ,103 Russia 0.1 msv ,700 Switzerland WHO value ,000 United States 0.04 msv *After Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission tritium Synthesis Report
10 Tritium Concentration (Bq/L) Background Tritium Concentrations 8.0 in the Great Lakes Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) Niagara Falls (Niagara River - Lake Huron) Kingston (Lake Ontario) Below Detection Limit Year 10
11 Tritium Concentrations in Water Supply Plant (Bq/L) Tritium in Water Supply Plants Near NGS* Year 2 0 * After CNSC Tritium Synthesis Report 2010 Water Supply Plants 11
12 Health Risks Once radionuclides have entered the body, they are absorbed, metabolized, distributed throughout the tissues and organs, and eliminated in urine and feces The effects on the organs and tissues depend on the type and energy of the radiation and the residence time within the body. Exposure can result in cancers to various tissues and organs. 12
13 Health Risks cont d Probability of a health effect is estimated as the product of dose and a risk factor that converts dose to risk ICRP 103 provides current risk conversion factors 13
14 Dose Coefficients ICRP Age-dependent factors for inhalation and ingestion For tritium, increase contribution of HTO via inhalation by 50% to account for absorption through skin Hamby* Used Monte Carlo sampling and calculated that the dose coefficient for intakes of HTO by adults varies by a factor of 15, with a median value of Sv/Bq and a geometric standard deviation of 1.6. Harrison** reports ranges of DECF from an uncertainty analysis Form 5%tile 50%tile 95%tile Sv/Bq Sv/Bq Sv/Bq HTO OBT * Hamby, D.M. Uncertainty of the tritium dose conversion factor. Health Phys. 77(3): (1999). ** Harrison et.al. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 98(3): (2002). 14
15 Uncertainties in Dose Coefficients Physical Dose Absorption to blood Biological half life for HTO and OBT Effect of chemical speciation Heterogeneity of distribution in cells and tissues Effective Dose RBE Tissue weighting factor 15
16 Ranges of RBE from Literature RBE Range Endpoints # Reported Values In vivo In vitro Test Models Mortality; Reproductive capacity (fertility and fecundity); Cell survival; Chromosome aberrations; Vertebral abnormality; Tumour incidence Embryo survival; Chromosome aberrations; Cell survival; Mutations Forty two (42) Fish; Plant; Marine invertebrate; Mouse; Rat; Hamster; Human primary cells; Cell lines Reproductive capacity (germ cells survival and anomalies in total implants); Cell survival; Tumour development; Dominant lethal and sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells Chromosomal aberrations; Dicentrics; Mutation frequency; Survival of haematopoietic progenitors Twenty five (25) Fish; Insect; Mouse; Rat; Human primary cells; Cell lines >3.0 Reproductive capacity; Chromosome aberrations and mutations Chromosome aberrations; Mutations Seven (7) Fish; Mouse; Human primary cells; Cell lines Most of the tritium RBE studies have been done in mammals (80% of the data), either in vivo, with laboratory animals (mainly mice) or in vitro (human cells or established cell lines). 16
17 ICRP Risk Coefficients Latest cancer risk coefficients (ICRP 103) essentially unchanged from ICRP 60 values (about 5% per Sv) Risk of heritable effects reduced 6 to 8 fold (risk now summed over two generations only extending over a very large number of generations not now considered reasonable) No epidemiological evidence of harm below about 100 msv Linear No Threshold (LNT) model assumed for radiation protection purposes 17
18 ICRP Risk Coefficients* (% per Sv) Exposed Population Cancer Heritable Effects Total ICRP 103 ICRP 60 ICRP 103 ICRP 60 ICRP 103 ICRP 60 Whole Adult * ICRP 103 at para A115, risk estimates are based principally on incidence data, nominal risk adjusted for lethality and quality of life 18
19 Example Dose and Risk Calculation Tritium in drinking water at 20 Bq/L Annual dose from ingestion of tritium: Bq L -11 Sv Sv L y = Bq Corresponding risk of cancer: msv y = Sv/y 5 10 Sv 75y -6 ~ 1 10 lifetime risk of cancer 19
20 Example Doses to Most Exposed Receptors Dose (usv) PNGS DNGS Total (all radionuclides and pathways)* HTO Dose from Water Ingestion* Total % of Total Dose from HTO in Water 0.34% 2.0% * 2008 Doses from OPG REMP report,
21 Dose to the Public* * After CNSC Tritium Synthesis Report
22 22
23 Source: 23
24 Public Perception or Why are we concerned? Monitoring data demonstrates that water supplies can meet 20 Bq/L (52 week average) but Some measurements will exceed With new nuclear, some exceedances may occur and Public perceives reduction from a standard of 7000 Bq/L to 20 Bq/L as Proof that risks from tritium have been underestimated 24
25 Health Effects of Tritium: Epidemiology Studies Main Findings of CNSC Review* Existing information does not provide enough detail to estimate the health risks of tritium exposure, specifically Tritium exposures represent a small fraction of total radiation exposures, thus tritium risk is only a fraction of total risk, which is low The risk to workers, offspring and the general public is low No human health studies have demonstrated any tritium induced cancer or other health effect * CNSC Tritium Synthesis Study
26 Health Effects of Tritium: Laboratory Studies* Minimum dose or dose rate To induce effect Effect (Laboratory animals) 5 Gy Death ~ 0.5 Gy 3.7 MBq/l drinking water 0.17 MBq/g/day -cancer promotion -embryo/foetus development -genetic/reproductive * After CNSC Tritium Synthesis Study
27 Its all about the dose!!! 27
28 Comparative Doses (msv) 28
29 Doug s Conclusions The current drinking water guideline of 7,000Bq/L is consistent with WHO reference dose of 0.1 msv from 1 year of intake 0.1 msv is 10% of public dose limit Doses are a small fraction of dose (and variability in dose) from natural background radiation Doses are de minimis 29
30 Doug s Conclusions cont d The current radiological approach has doses from drinking water at de minimis levels Dose limit + ALARA has achieved very low HTO concentration in drinking water supplies (<20 Bq/L) lifetime risk in the order of 1 in a million current practices for tritium management are effective! 30
INTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY
INTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY Introduction to Internal Dosimetry Importance of External and Internal Exposures by Radiation Type Charged particle radiation (α, p, β) Generally important only for internal
More informationDepartment of Energy Office of Worker Protection Programs and Hazards Management Radiological Control Technical Position RCTP 99-02
Issue: Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 835 (10 CFR 835), Occupational Radiation Protection, specifies occupational radiation protection requirements for Department of Energy (DOE) activities
More informationHuman Health and the Biological Effects of Low Dose Tritium in Drinking Water
Human Health and the Biological Effects of Low Dose Tritium in Drinking Water Douglas R. Boreham, Ph.D. Steve Dingwall, Caitlin Mills, Nghi Phan, Kristina Taylor, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
More informationWHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION
WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION Margarita Saraví National Atomic Energy Commission - Argentina Workshop on Ionizing Radiation SIM Buenos Aires 10 November 2011 What is ionizing radiation? What is ionizing radiation?
More informationLower Bound of Optimization for the Public Considering Dose Distribution of Radiation due to Natural Background Radiation
Lower Bound of Optimization for the Public Considering Dose Distribution of Radiation due to Natural Background Radiation Takatoshi Hattori a* a Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Radiation
More informationRadiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics
Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the
More informationCollege Physics B - PHY2054C
College - PHY2054C Physics - Radioactivity 11/24/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Review Question 1 Isotopes of an element A have the same number of protons and electrons,
More informationTritium The French situation
資料 3 (No.3) Tritium The French situation Jean-Luc LACHAUME Deputy Director General ASN 9 April 2014 Tokyo Tritium 1 Content The regulation of the discharges of tritium from nuclear facilities in France
More informationsample What happens when we are exposed to radiation? 1.1 Natural radiation Cosmic radiation
1.1 Natural radiation 3 1 What happens when we are exposed to radiation? 1.1 Natural radiation For as long as humans have walked the earth, we have continually been exposed to naturally-occurring radiation.
More informationGy can be used for any type of radiation. Gy does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations.
Absorbed Dose Dose is a measure of the amount of energy from an ionizing radiation deposited in a mass of some material. SI unit used to measure absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). 1J 1 Gy kg Gy can be used
More informationExpert Panel Recommends a Radical Reduction in Permissible Levels of Tritium in Drinking Water
Expert Panel Recommends a Radical Reduction in Permissible Levels of Tritium in Drinking Water by Gordon Edwards, June 12, 2009. Proposed New Standard At the request of the Ontario Minister of the Environment,
More informationQuantifying exposure from radionuclides for environmental receptors
Quantifying exposure from radionuclides for environmental receptors Justin Brown IUR Consensus Symposium 2015, Miami Beach, 17th November 2015 Talk Contents Will focus on environmental exposure estimation
More informationGuidance for Evaluating Human Health Impacts in Environmental Assessment: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
Guidance for Evaluating Human Health Impacts in Environmental Assessment: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACTS Health Canada is the federal department responsible for helping the people of Canada maintain and improve
More informationLSUF Update on Organically Bound Tritium Standard project. Arvic Harms. 5 May 2004
LSUF 2004 Update on Organically Bound Tritium Standard project Arvic Harms 5 May 2004 Contents What is tritium and what is organically bound tritium (OBT) and why is it important? Why do we need an OBT
More informationHUMAN HEALTH AND THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRITIUM IN DRINKING WATER: PRUDENT POLICY THROUGH SCIENCE ADDRESSING THE ODWAC NEW RECOMMENDATION
Dose-Response: An International Journal Volume 9 Issue 1 Article 4 3-2011 HUMAN HEALTH AND THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRITIUM IN DRINKING WATER: PRUDENT POLICY THROUGH SCIENCE ADDRESSING THE ODWAC NEW RECOMMENDATION
More informationDOSE CONVERSION FACTORS. David C. Kocher and Keith F. Eckerman Health and Safety Research Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory
CONP-9203121 2 DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS DE92 011036 David C. Kocher and Keith F. Eckerman Health and Safety Research Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pathway Analysis and Risk Assessment for Environmental
More informationTritium Releases and Dose Consequences in Canada in 2006
Canada s Nuclear Regulator Tritium Releases and Dose Consequences in Canada in 2006 Part of the Tritium Studies Project INFO-0793 December 2009 Tritium Releases and Dose Consequences in Canada in 2006
More informationNORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal
NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal Ionizing Radiation and Hazard Potential John R. Frazier, Ph.D. Certified Health Physicist May 12, 2014 Radiation Radiation is a word that
More information2016 No. 410 (W. 128) WATER, ENGLAND AND WALES. The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 2016
W E L S H S T A T U T O R Y I N S T R U M E N T S 2016 No. 410 (W. 128) WATER, ENGLAND AND WALES The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 2016 Made - - - - 21 March 2016 Laid before Parliament
More informationRegulatory Guide Exposure Pathways, Equations, and Input Requirements
Regulatory Guide 1.109 Exposure Pathways, Equations, and Input Requirements Ken Sejkora Entergy Nuclear Northeast Pilgrim Station Presented at the 23rd Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Training Session Westminster,
More informationFundamentals of radiation protection
Fundamentals of radiation protection Kamel ABBAS European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements, Nuclear Security Unit Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy tel. +39-0332-785673,
More informationSOURCES, EFFECTS AND RISKS OF IONIZING RADIATION
SOURCES, EFFECTS AND RISKS OF IONIZING RADIATION United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2016 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes UNITED NATIONS
More informationNuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #1: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 2.3 to 2.6
CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #1: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 2.3 to 2.6 Balancing Nuclear Reactions mass number (A) atomic number (Z) 12 6 C In an ordinary
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 14 The Human Radioactivity Cycle
Radioactivity Lecture The Human Radioactivity Cycle The Elements in the Human atomic percentage 25.5 9.5 63 1.4 0.31 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.01 The molecular structure and the functions rely only on a few, but
More informationImportance of uncertainties in dose assessment to prove compliance with radiation protection standards
Importance of uncertainties in dose assessment to prove compliance with radiation protection standards Manfred TSCHURLOVITS, Atominstitute of Austrian Universities, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee
More informationAssessing the Human Health and Ecological Risk of Tritium Associated with Vermont Yankee Brooke Churas, Allison Rapp, Kacy Roeder, Natasha Yandow
Assessing the Human Health and Ecological Risk of Tritium Associated with Vermont Yankee Brooke Churas, Allison Rapp, Kacy Roeder, Natasha Yandow Executive Summary The leakage of tritium from the Vermont
More informationIndustrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment
Industrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment Main Topics Air Pollution Control Analytical Methods Ergonomics Gas and Vapour Sampling General Practice Heat and Cold Stress
More informationIAEA-TECDOC Clearance
IAEA-TECDOC-1000 Clearance The IAEA does The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse FOREWORD It has long been recognized
More informationAm-241 as a Metabolic Tracer for Inhaled Pu Nitrate in External Chest Counting
Am-24 as a Metabolic Tracer for Inhaled Pu Nitrate in External Chest Counting Nobuhito ISHIGURE, Takashi NAKANO, Hiroko ENOMOTO, Akira KOIZUMI, Harozo IIDA, Kumiko FUKUTSU, Yumi ABE 2, Yuji YAMADA, Katsuhiro
More informationPS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
More informationDetermination of Total Tritium in Urine from Residents Living in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Plants in Qinshan, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 888-894; doi:10.3390/ijerph120100888 Article International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Determination
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.
More informationHi and welcome to Understanding Radiation, a Radiation Safety Institute of Canada online course.
Introduction Hi and welcome to Understanding Radiation, a Radiation Safety Institute of Canada online course. This course introduces radiation and radiation safety to people who work in environments where
More informationICRP & Alliance, Integrated Protection of People and the Environment
ICRP & Alliance, Integrated Protection of People and the Environment 4 th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection October 10-12, 2017, Paris, France Kathryn A. Higley ICRP Committee
More informationCALIBRATION OF IN VITRO BIOASSAY METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF 131 I IN URINE
X Congreso Regional Latinoamericano IRPA de Protección y Seguridad Radiológica Radioprotección: Nuevos Desafíos para un Mundo en Evolución Buenos Aires, 12 al 17 de abril, 2015 SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE RADIOPROTECCIÓN
More information1. RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION
1. Radioactivity and radiation protection 1 1. RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION Revised August 2011 by S. Roesler and M. Silari (CERN). 1.1. Definitions [1,2] 1.1.1. Physical quantities: Fluence,
More informationSensitivity of the IRD whole-body counter for in vivo measurements in the case of accidental intakes
Sensitivity of the IRD whole-body counter for in vivo measurements in the case of accidental intakes B.M. Dantas, E.A. Lucena and A.L.A. Dantas Laboratório de Monitoração In Vivo Divisão de Dosimetria
More informationInteraction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter Interaction of neutrons with matter Neutral particles, no repulsion with the positively charged nucleus: important projectile Origin of the neutrons: Nuclear
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-302 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 24 Medical Imaging Effects of Radiation We now know what radiation is But what does it mean for our bodies? Radioactivity is quantified in
More informationRadioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles.
Radioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles. In 1896, Henri Bequerel discovered that uranium and other elements
More information1 ATOMS, ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY Uranium IONISING RADIATION... 6
Introduction to Radiation Table of Contents 1 ATOMS, ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY... 3 1.1 Uranium... 4 2 IONISING RADIATION... 6 2.1 Types of radiation... 6 2.2 Radiation exposure pathways... 7 3 RADIATION
More informationUNCORRECTED PROOF. Table of Contents
00-Stabin-Prelims SNY001-Stabin (Typeset by spi publisher services, Delhi) vii of xvi June 1, 2007 17:15 Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of Health
More informationThe sources include Am-241 which emits alpha radiation, Sr-90 which emits beta radiation and Co-60 which emits gamma radiation.
1 The physics department in a college has a number of radioactive sources which are used to demonstrate the properties of ionising radiations. The sources include Am-241 which emits alpha radiation, Sr-90
More informationRADIATION SAFETY. Working Safely with Radiation
RADIATION SAFETY Working Safely with Radiation 12 NOV 2015 Dr. Raed Felimban Department of Transfusion Medicine King Abdul-Aziz University E-mail: felimbanr@yahoo.com KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY How most
More informationO R D E R OF THE HEAD OF THE STATE NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY INSPECTORATE
O R D E R OF THE HEAD OF THE STATE NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY INSPECTORATE ON THE APPROVAL OF NUCLEAR SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BSR-1.9.1-2011 STANDARDS OF RELEASE OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
More informationThe Validation of New Biokinetic Models of Thorium & Uranium using Excretion Data on Occupational Workers
The Validation of New Biokinetic Models of Thorium & Uranium using Excretion Data on Occupational Workers D. D. Jaiswal, V. R. Pullat, H. S. Dang, R. C. Sharma Internal Dosimetry Division, Bhabha Atomic
More informationMichael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer
Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 4) Springer Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of
More informationIONIZING RADIATION: SOURCES AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
IONIZING RADIATION: SOURCES AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1982 Report to the General Assembly, with annexes UNITED NATIONS New York, 1982
More informationRadionuclides in food and water. Dr. Ljudmila Benedik
Radionuclides in food and water Dr. Ljudmila Benedik ISO-FOOD WP 3 and WP4 WP 3 Research and education P1 Food authenticity P2 Translation of regional isotopic and elemental signatures from natural environment
More informationRadiation Safety Talk. UC Santa Cruz Physics 133 Winter 2018
Radiation Safety Talk UC Santa Cruz Physics 133 Winter 2018 Outline Types of radiation Sources of radiation Dose limits and risks ALARA principle Safety procedures Types of radiation Radiation is energy
More informationJason T. Harris, Ph.D. Department of Nuclear Engineering and Health Physics
Jason T. Harris, Ph.D. Department of Nuclear Engineering and Health Physics Idaho State University North American Technical Center July 24, 2012 1 2 Commercial Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) produce gaseous,
More informationRadiation Basics. Rad Training for Clinical Laboratories. Key Points. What are 3 types of Ionizing particles/waves we are concerned with???
1 Rad Training for Clinical Laboratories Jesse Fillmore Minnesota Department of Health PHLD, nvironmental Health RSO/RP Coordinator May 23, 2011 Key Points Radiation protection Laboratory Safety Purpose
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 7 Dosimetry and Exposure Limits
Radioactivity Lecture 7 Dosimetry and Exposure Limits Radiation Exposure - Radiology The radiation impact on biological and genetic materials requires some protective measures! Units for scaling the decay
More informationSimulation of Personal Protective Equipment Exposure to Radioactive Particulates. A Master s Level Submission.
Simulation of Personal Protective Equipment Exposure to Radioactive Particulates M. Roeterink 1*, E.F.G. Dickson 1, P. Bodurtha 1, and E.C. Corcoran 1 1 Royal Military College of Canada, Ontario, Canada
More informationRevision Guide for Chapter 18
Revision Guide for Chapter 18 Contents Student s Checklist Revision Notes Ionising radiation... 4 Biological effects of ionising radiation... 5 Risk... 5 Nucleus... 6 Nuclear stability... 6 Binding energy...
More informationHALF LIFE. NJSP HMRU June 10, Student Handout CBRNE AWARENESS Module 4 1. Objectives. Student will
June 10, 2004 Radiological/Nuclear Overview 1 Student will demonstrate a knowledge of self protection techniques identify types of radiation and their associated hazards demonstrate a knowledge of terminology
More informationStudy of ratio of tritium concentration in plants water to tritium concentration in air moisture for chronic atmospheric release of tritium
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 2421 2425 IACEED2010 Study of ratio of tritium concentration in plants water to tritium concentration in air moisture for chronic atmospheric
More informationComplement: Natural sources of radiations
Complement: Natural sources of radiations 1 Notions of dose Absorbed dose at 1 point (D): Mean value of the energy deposited by ionizing radiation to matter per mass unit (unit: J/kg = gray (Gy)) Equivalent
More informationRadiation Awareness Training. Stephen Price Office of Research Safety
Radiation Awareness Training Stephen Price Office of Research Safety Purpose This training is intended for Clemson University Faculty, Staff or Students who do not work directly with radioactive materials
More informationAssessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Significance of Bottled Drinking Water in Bangladesh
American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 203-207 Published online December 3, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa) doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.13 ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print);
More informationDISMANTLEMENT OF AN UNIT OF METABOLIC TREATMENTS WITH IODINE 131
DISMANTLEMENT OF AN UNIT OF METABOLIC TREATMENTS WITH IODINE 131 Autores: J.M. Jiménez 1, A.R. Cortés 2, P.Alcorta 2 E-mail: jmjimenez@hsan.osakidetza.net 1 Unidad de Radiofísica. Hospital Santiago Apóstol,
More informationLessons learnt on Tritium and workers in Fusion devices
Lessons learnt on Tritium and workers in Fusion devices L. Rodriguez-Rodrigo Head of Safety Control Section ITER Organization Cadarache 13108 St Paul lez Durance - FRANCE 1 OUTLINE Feedback from Tritium
More informationOral Presentation. Exposé oral. Submission from the Ian Fairlie. Mémoire de Ian Fairlie CMD 18-H6.65
CMD 18-H6.65 File / dossier: 6.01.07 Date: 2018-05-07 Edocs: 5529681 Oral Presentation Submission from the Ian Fairlie Exposé oral Mémoire de Ian Fairlie In the Matter of À l égard de Ontario Power Generation
More informationUSER'S GUIDE: RADIONUCLIDE CARCINOGENICITY
USER'S GUIDE: RADIONUCLIDE CARCINOGENICITY Introduction EPA classifies all radionuclides as Group A carcinogens. The Radionuclide Table on this website, formerly HEAST Table 4, lists ingestion, inhalation
More informationUALR Radiation Safety Office
UALR Radiation Safety Office ETAS-329 501-569 8210 Graduate Institute of Technology University of Arkansas at Little Rock Regulatory Authority Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) EPA, DoE, DoT, OSHA Agreement
More information(9C/(9t)t = a(x,t) (92C/3x2)t + b(x,t) (9C/9 x)t + c(x,t)ct + d(x,t)
ABSTRACT Safe management Including disposal of radioactive wastes from the various parts of the nuclear fuel cycle is an important aspect of nuclear technology development. The problem of managing radioactive
More informationTRACKS IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY Hooshang Nikjoo Radiation Biophysics Group Department of Oncology pathology Karoloinska Institutet
TRACKS IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY Hooshang Nikjoo Radiation Biophysics Group Department of Oncology pathology Karoloinska Institutet Some Questions in Radiation Physics, Biology, and Protection: How much better
More informationRadiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1
Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Reading assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610): Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual and Resource Book: Parts
More informationNuclide Safety Data Sheet Hydrogen-3 [Tritium]
3 H Hydrogen-3 [Tritium] 3 H Radiation: Beta (100% abundance) Energy: Max.: 18.6 kev; Average: 5.7 kev Half-Life [T ½ ] : Physical T ½ : 12.3 years Biological T ½ : 10-12 days Effective T ½ : 10-12 days*
More informationRadiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects
Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual
More informationEarth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews
Research Article Natural Radioactivity Levels in Soil s of AL- Sadr and AL-Forat AL-Aosat Hospitals in Najaf Hussein H Al-Gazaly*, and Zuhier H AL-Thbhawy Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews
More informationZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]
1 Part 5: Nuclear Physics 5.1. The Nucleus = atomic number = number of protons N = neutron number = number of neutrons = mass number = + N Representations: X or X- where X is chemical symbol of element
More informationNuclear forces and Radioactivity. Two forces are at work inside the nucleus of an atom
Nuclear forces and Radioactivity Two forces are at work inside the nucleus of an atom Forces act in opposing directions Electrostatic repulsion: pushes protons apart Strong nuclear force: pulls protons
More informationReadings: Turco: p ; Brimblecombe: p
Lecture 16. Air toxics. Radioactivity. Objectives: 1. Toxicity. 2. Exposure and dose. 3. Toxic effects of air pollutants. 4. Radioactivity: sources, physiological effects. Readings: Turco: p. 183-218;
More informationNuclear Medicine RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Nuclear Medicine RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons Common alpha-particle emitters Radon-222 gas in the environment Uranium-234 and -238) in the environment
More informationActivities of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
Activities of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Wesley Bolch Advanced Laboratory for Radiation Dosimetry Studies (ALRADS) J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
More informationQuestion. 1. Which natural source of background radiation do you consider as dominant?
Question 1. Which natural source of background radiation do you consider as dominant? 2. Is the radiation background constant or does it change with time and location? 3. What is the level of anthropogenic
More informationRadiation Response and Removals: Getting Down to the Nitty Gritty. 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program
Radiation Response and Removals: Getting Down to the Nitty Gritty 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program www.oscreadiness.org 0 Radiation Fundamentals Tony Honnellio Health Physicist U.S. EPA, Region
More informationP4 Quick Revision Questions
P4 Quick Revision Questions H = Higher tier only SS = Separate science only P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards Question 1... of 50 What are the components of an atom, their location and their charge?
More information05/11/2013. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ionizing radiation. Typical decay energies. Radiation with energy > 100 ev. Ionize an atom < 15eV
Nuclear Fuel Cycle 2013 Lecture 4: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation Radiation with energy > 100 ev Ionize an atom < 15eV Break a bond 1-5 ev Typical decay energies α: 4-9
More informationTritium Dose Pathway Comparison Regulatory Guide and Beyond
Tritium Dose Pathway Comparison Regulatory Guide 1.109 and Beyond Ken Sejkora Entergy Nuclear Northeast Pilgrim Station Presented at the 15 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Wilmington, NC / 27-29 June 2005
More informationU (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides
Chapter : Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity nucleons neutron and proton all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, atomic number isotopes atoms with the same atomic number but different
More informationAppendix A. Glossary. Absorbed Dose
Appendix A Glossary Absorbed Dose Accelerator Activate Activity, A ALARA Alpha Particle, α Alpha Emitter Amendment Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) Atom Auger Electron Authorized User Background Radiation
More informationINTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5)
INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) Ionizing radiation: Particle or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of ionizing matter. IR interacts through different types of collision
More informationRadioactive nuclei. From Last Time. Biological effects of radiation. Radioactive decay. A random process. Radioactive tracers. e r t.
From Last Time Nuclear structure and isotopes Binding energy of nuclei Radioactive nuclei Final Exam is Mon Dec 21, 5:05 pm - 7:05 pm 2103 Chamberlin 3 equation sheets allowed About 30% on new material
More informationFinal Exam. Physics 208 Exit survey. Radioactive nuclei. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Radioactive tracers
Final Exam Mon, Dec 15, at 10:05am-12:05 pm, 2103 Chamberlin 3 equation sheets allowed About 30% on new material Rest on topics of exam1, exam2, exam3. Study Tips: Download blank exams and take them. Download
More informationJournal of American Science 2013;9(12)
Journal of American Science 213;9(12) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Estimation of the Radiation Dose for Some Individuals Working With Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Tarek Mahmoud Morsi,
More informationGeneral Regression Neural Networks for Estimating Radiation Workers Internal Dose
General Regression Neural Networks for Estimating Radiation s Internal Dose Eman Sarwat and Nadia Helal Radiation Safety Dep. ENRRA., Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority, 3, Ahmed El
More informationResearch Physicist Field of Nuclear physics and Detector physics. Developing detector for radiation fields around particle accelerators using:
Christopher Cassell Research Physicist Field of Nuclear physics and Detector physics Developing detector for radiation fields around particle accelerators using: Experimental data Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulations
More informationRadioactivity measurements and risk assessments in soil samples at south and middle of Qatar
Radioactivity measurements and risk assessments in soil samples at south and middle of Qatar A. T. Al-Kinani*, M. A. Amr**, K. A. Al-Saad**, A. I. Helal***, and M. M. Al Dosari* *Radiation and Chemical
More informationThis document is a preview generated by EVS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13168 First edition 2015-07-01 Water quality Simultaneous determination of tritium and carbon 14 activities Test method using liquid scintillation counting Qualité de l eau Détermination
More informationUnit 08 Nuclear Structure. Unit 08 Nuclear Structure Slide 1
Unit 08 Nuclear Structure Unit 08 Nuclear Structure Slide 1 The Plan Nuclear Structure Nuclear Decays Measuring Radiation Nuclear Power Plants Major Nuclear Power Accidents New Possibilities for Nuclear
More informationBiokinetics and Dosimetry of Inhaled Tritiated Aerosols
Biokinetics and Dosimetry of Inhaled Tritiated Aerosols A. Trivedi 1 and Y.S. Cheng 2 1 Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, AECL, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada; 2 Lovelace Respiratory Research
More informationRadiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials
European Commission Radiation protection 112 Radiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials 1999 Directorate-General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 7 Dosimetry and Exposure Limits
Radioactivity Lecture 7 Dosimetry and Exposure Limits Radiation Exposure - Radiology The radiation impact on biological and genetic materials requires some protective measures! Units for scaling the decay
More informationBackground Tritium in Environmental Water Samples. Paul Snead NCHPS Fall Meeting November 2, 2006
Background Tritium in Environmental Water Samples Paul Snead NCHPS Fall Meeting November 2, 2006 Tritium Basics Tritium ( 3 H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen Nucleus has one proton and two neutrons
More informationRADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF DAM WATER AND SEDIMENTS FOR NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND ITS OVERALL HEALTH DETRIMENTS
Ife Journal of Science vol. 18, no. 2 (2016) RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF DAM WATER AND SEDIMENTS FOR NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND ITS OVERALL HEALTH DETRIMENTS 551 *Ibikunle S. B., Ajayi, O.S.; Arogunjo, A.M.
More informationRadiation Protection Considerations *
Chapter 11 Radiation Protection Considerations * C. Adorisio 1, S. Roesler 1, C. Urscheler 2 and H. Vincke 1 1 CERN, TE Department, Genève 23, CH-1211, Switzerland 2 Bundesamt fuer Gesundheit, Direktionsbereich
More informationRadiation Emergencies -Preparing for Response-
Radiation Emergencies -Preparing for Response- Tribal Lands Forum San Diego, CA August 25, 2010 Tom Clawson US Department of Energy Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program 1 Radiological Training
More information