P4 Quick Revision Questions
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1 P4 Quick Revision Questions H = Higher tier only SS = Separate science only P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
2 Question 1... of 50 What are the components of an atom, their location and their charge?
3 Answer 1... of 50 Electron outer shells negative charge Proton nucleus positive charge Neutron nucleus - neutral
4 Question 2... of 50 A radium atom has 88 protons and 226 neurons. How many electrons does it have? P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
5 Answer 2... of
6 Question 3... of 50 What are isotopes?
7 Answer 3... of 50 Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in them but different numbers of neutrons
8 Question 4... of 50 What are the two numbers?
9 Answer 4... of = mass number 92 = atomic number
10 Question 5... of 50 If an element has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 6. How many neutrons, protons and electrons does it have? P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
11 Answer 5... of 50 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
12 Question 6... of 50 Define ionised
13 Answer 6... of 50 When an atom gains or loses electrons
14 Question 7... of 50 Define radioisotope
15 Answer 7... of 50 An atom with an unstable nucleus
16 Question 8... of 50 What forms can nuclear radiation be emitted as?
17 Answer 8... of 50 Alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray or neutron
18 Question 9... of 50 Describe an alpha particle
19 Answer 9... of 50 A helium nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons
20 Question of 50 What happens when an alpha particle is emitted from a nucleus?
21 Answer of 50 The nucleus has 2 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons, so the atomic number decreases by 2 and the mass number decreases by 4. A new element is formed
22 Question of 50 What happens when a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus?
23 Answer of 50 The nucleus has one more proton and one less neutron, so the atomic number increases by one and the mass number is unchanged. A new element is formed.
24 Question of 50 Define background radiation
25 Answer of 50 Ionising radiation that is around us all the time
26 Question of 50 Give 4 sources of background radiation
27 Answer of 50 Natural sources rocks and cosmic rays from space Waste products from hospitals, nuclear power stations and/or other industries Manufactured radioisotopes From the fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents
28 Question of 50 List the three of nuclear radiation from greatest penetrating power to smallest
29 Answer of 50 Gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles
30 Question of 50 Give two examples of the uses of radioactive sources
31 Answer of 50 Smoke alarm Monitoring the thickness of paper in manufacturing
32 Question of 50 What is the key difference between chemical and nuclear equations?
33 Answer of 50 Nuclear equations show what happens when there are changes in the nucleus, chemical equations show what happens in a chemical reaction
34 Question of 50 Complete this nuclear equation for alpha decay: 226 Ra 86 Rn + 4 2He
35 Answer Of Ra Rn + 4 2He
36 Question of 50 Complete this nuclear equation for beta decay: 90 Sr 39 Y + 0-1e
37 Answer of Sr 90 39Y + 0-1e
38 Question of 50 Define half life
39 Answer of 50 The average time of it takes for half the nuclei present to decay or the time it takes for the activity to fall to half its initial level
40 Question of 50 How do we calculate half life?
41 Answer of 50 Plot a graph of rate detected against time Subtract background count from each reading before plotting Draw a curve through the points Use the curve to see how long it takes for the rate to decrease by half
42 Question of 50 How much can half lives vary?
43 Answer of 50 Radioactive isotope half lives can vary from a fraction of a second to millions of years
44 Question of 50 Define radioactive contamination
45 Answer of 50 The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms
46 Question of 50 Why is contamination a hazard
47 Answer of 50 It can be absorbed through the skin or enter the body via an open wound and could cause cancer or mutations of genes.
48 Question of 50 What affects the level of contamination?
49 Answer of 50 Penetrating power of the radiation Ionising power Half life of the isotope
50 Question of 50 What can a tracer be used for?
51 Answer of 50 Monitor functioning of internal organs Checking for blockage of a blood vessel
52 Question of 50 Define irradiation
53 Answer of 50 Where an object is exposed to nuclear radiation
54 Question of 50 Give some sources of irradiation
55 Answer of 50 From the sky cosmic rays From the air radioactive gases From food potassium-40 atoms From soil and building materials gamma rays
56 Question of 50 Define mutation
57 Answer of 50 A change in DNA sequence
58 Question of 50 What are the 3 possible effects of irradiation on human body cells in order of increasing harm
59 Answer of 50 Damage to the nucleus can lead to: Cell death Repair: accurate or misrepair
60 Question of 50 What must radioisotopes used in medicine have?
61 Answer of 50 Emit gamma rays Have a suitable half life Not be toxic to humans
62 Question of 50 SS Define radiotherapy
63 Answer of 50 The destruction of cancer cells by exposing the affected area of the body to extremely large amounts of radiation
64 Question of 50 SS Why are Xrays preferred to gamma rays?
65 Answer of 50 Xrays are only produced when needed The rate of production of Xrays can be controlled The energy of the Xrays can be changed You can t change the rate of production or energy of the gamma rays emitted from a particular source
66 Question of 50 SS What is brachytherapy?
67 Answer of 50 A small sealed radioactive source, or seed, is placed in the tumour itself, to give a high dose of radiotherapy directly to the tumour but a much lower dose to the surrounding tissues
68 Question of 50 SS What isotope can be used to investigate thyroid problems?
69 Answer of 50 SS Iodine-123 P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
70 Question of 50 Give two side effects of using nuclear radiation to kill cancer cells P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
71 Answer of 50 Vomiting Reddening and pain in the skin (similar to sunburn) Greater risk of infection Tiredness P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
72 Question of 50 What is the unit given for a radiation dose? P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
73 Answer of 50 msv (millisieverts)
74 Question of 50 Why is the beam of radiation rotated around the tumour?
75 Answer of 50 To ensure the healthy cells around a tumour only receive a small amount of radiation but the tumour receives radiation all the time
76 Question of 50 What is nuclear fission?
77 Answer of 50 When a large and unstable nucleus e.g. uranium or plutonium, splits with the release of a lot of energy
78 Question of 50 SS What two isotopes does natural uranium consist of?
79 Answer of 50 SS Uranium-235 Uranium-238
80 Question of 50 SS What do control rods do?
81 Answer of 50 They are placed between the fuel rods in a reactor and absorb neutrons so fewer neutrons are available to split more uranium nuclei
82 Question of 50 SS What does a moderator do?
83 Answer of 50 A moderator e.g. graphite slows down the fast-moving neutrons emitted during fission
84 Question of 50 SS Define nuclear fusion
85 Answer of 50 The joining or small light nuclei e.g. hydrogen and helium to form a heavier nucleus
86 Question of 50 SS Compare fission and fusion
87 Answer of 50 Fission = splitting a large nucleus e.g. uranium Fusion = joining two small nuclei e.g. hydrogen
88 Question of 50 SS Why do scientists want to achieve fusion on earth?
89 Answer of 50 There is plenty of hydrogen for fusion e.g. in sea water and the waste products (mainly helium) aren t radioactive
90 Question of 50 SS How are fusion bombs started?
91 Answer of 50 With a fission reaction
92 Question of 50 Describe the plum pudding model of the atom
93 Answer of 50 Electrons are surrounded by positive charge
94 Question of 50 What happened when Geiger and Marsden aimed a beam of alpha particles at a thin foil of metal?
95 Answer of 50 Some passed straight through Others bounced off the foil in all directions P3 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
96 Question of 50 What and when did Ernest Rutherford propose?
97 Answer of 50 The nuclear model with a small central nucleus containing most of the mass and charged electrons orbiting it. 1911
98 Question of 50 What was the problem with the nuclear model?
99 Answer of 50 Classical mechanics showed the electrons wouldn t stay stable in orbits and would spiral into the nucleus
100 Question of 50 Who and when discovered the proton and the neutron?
101 Answer of 50 Proton Rutherford, 1920 Neutron Chadwick, 1932
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