The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II Lecture 3 - Biodiversity

Transcription

1 The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II Lecture 3 - Biodiversity ( 1

2 Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)? ( ) 2

3 Linneaus Sexual System of Plant Classification Public Marriages (Flowers visible to everyone) * In one Bed (Husband and wife have the same bed) * Without Affinity (Husbands not related to each other) * With Equality (All the males of equal rank) * Varying numbers of males: A, Monandria - One husband in marriage B, Diandria - Two husbands in the same marriage C, Triandria - Three husbands in the same marriage D, Tetrandria - Four husbands in the same marriage E, Pentandria - Five husbands in the same marriage F, Hexandria - Six husbands in the same marriage G, Heptandria - Seven husbands in the same marriage H, Octandria - Eight husbands in the same marriage N, Polyandria - Twenty males or more in the same marriage O, Didynamia - Four husbands, two taller than the other two Q, Monadelphia - Husbands, like brothers, arise from one base R, Diadelphia - Husbands arise from two bases, as if from two mothers S, Polyadelphia - Husbands arise from more than two mothers T, Syngenesia - Husbands joined together at the top U, Gynandria - Husbands and wives growing together 3

4 The Linnean Hierarchy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 4

5 The Linnean Hierarchy for us Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens Linnean Binomen genus name Homo specific epithet sapiens 5

6 Linnean Binomen or Binnomial Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliates Apis mellifera Linnean Binomen or Binnomial genus name Homo Canis Felis Mus Musca specific epithet sapiens familiaris catus musculus domestica 6

7 Erasmus Darwin ( ) The American cowslip, D. meadia L. (Pentandria Monogynia), was described by Erasmus Darwin in his popularization of the Linnaean system, The Botanic Garden (1791), as follows: MEADIA'S soft chains five suppliant beaux confess, And hand in hand the laughing belle address; Alike to all, she bows with wanton air, Rolls her dark eye, and waves her golden hair. Thus, this verse describes how Dodecatheon belongs in Class Pentandria ("five beaux"), Order Monogynia ("the laughing belle"). 7

8 The Phylogenetic Hierarchy A phylogenetic hierarchy consists of species grouped into higher level taxa according to their phylogenetic relationships (from a common ancestor). Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens H. sapiens Genus Homo Class Mammalia 8

9 The basic tree of life Bacteria Archea Protists Protists Animals Plants Fungi Eukarya Life Phylogenetic Hierarchy Eukaryota Animalia Deuterostomata Chordata!! Vertebrata!!!!Gnathostomata!!!!!!Osteichthyes!!!!!!!!Sauropterygii Tetrapoda Neotetrapoda Sauria Diapsida Archosauriformes Archosauromorpha Archosauria Ornithodira Dinosauria Saurischia Theropoda Tetanurae Coelurosauria Tyrannosauroidea Tyrannosauridae Tyrannosaurinae!!!!!!!!!! Tyrannosaurus rex 9

10 The Ecological Hierarchy Ecology is the science that deals with the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. Ecology Greek oikos (!"#!$), meaning family household and its daily operations and management - Ernst Haeckel, coins term "oecologie" (1866). Ernst Haeckel ( ) 10

11 The Ecological Hierarchy Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Individual Organisms The Ecological Hierarchy Biosphere: The totality of living beings on Earth, as well as those parts of the oceans, atmosphere, and lithosphere with which living organisms interact (Eduard Suess, 1875) ( ). 11

12 Ecosystem: The Ecological Hierarchy "... The whole system... including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment...". Introduced by ecological botanist Sir Arthur George Tansley in He meant it to be the basic unit of ecology. To some, ecosystems are individuals with strong emergent properties. Sir Arthur Tansley ( ) Some examples of ecosystems coral reefs tallgrass prairie coastal wetlands old-growth forest tropical rainforest Mangroves, Belize Source: Harrison AMNH Source: Brumbaugh AMNH-CBC 12

13 The Ecological Hierarchy Community: An assemblage of organisms that share a habitat. Biological Community - Stephen A. Forbes, "Lake as Microcosm" (1887) Stephen A. Forbes ( ) ltrm/station.html Species associated with ripening figs in a tropical forest, Species clustered around a hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor, Species in the spray zone of a waterfall, Species under warm stones in the alpine zone on a mountaintop. Examples of distinct communities Source: AMNH 13

14 Biodiversity Biodiversity The variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations. Includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. 14

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16 Number of Species Described for All Organisms Hammond, 1992; Stork, 1993 Number of Species vs. Body Size May,

17 PURVIS AND HECTOR,

18 Gram-staining is a four part procedure using dyes to make a bacterial cell stand out against its background. Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by their blue-violet color reaction. Gram negative bacteria incorporate a counterstain rather than the primary stain. 18

19 METAGENOMICS (also Environmental Genomics or Community Genomics): The study of genomes recovered from environmental samples as opposed to from clonal cultures. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Sequencing 19

20 Yeast Species Boekhout, 2005 Rhodopsin-like genes in the Sargasso Sea Venter et al.,

21 Daniel,

22 Estimated Number of Species Based on Total of 12.5 Million Hammond, 1992; Stork, 1993 Craig Venter 22