The New York City Urban Atmospheric Observatory An Overview

Transcription

1 The New York City Urban Atmospheric Observatory An Overview 84th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Special Session on Urban Meteorology 11 Jan 2004 R. Michael Reynolds Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY Robert D. Bornstein, San Jose State University Steven R. Hanna, Harvard University Tim Oke, University of British Columbia Bruce B. Hicks, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory Hsi-Na (Sam) Lee, DHS Environmental Measurements Laboratory

2 THE PROBLEM IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELS IN URBAN AREAS. Deep canyon circulations Roughness parameterization in mesoscale models Mesoscale circulations : seabreeze, interactions with fronts Accurate short-term predictions. ENHANCED OBSERVATIONAL BASE AND MODEL INGEST OF REAL-TIME DATA Permanent, high-resolution observation base. Traditional and Enhanced (turbulence)instrumentation. ($$) Streetlevel, canyon, rooftop, boundary layer measurements. RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF C/B/R/N SENSORS AND DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES Huge cost savings by combining sensor deployment with dispersion models Reduce false alarm probabilities. Define right sensor density and deployment strategy (street or rooftop) MODEL/OBSERVATION INTERFACE TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (EM). Rapid information (< 2 min is desired). Useable format for lay people under stress. TRUSTWORTHY See National Research Council (2003) report: Our nation s capacity to respond to atmospheric C/B/N events stands, like a three-legged stool, on the strength of three interconnecting elements: 1) dispersion models that predict the path and spread of the hazardous agent; 2) observations of the hazardous plume itself and of local meteorological conditions; and 3) interaction with emergency responders who use the information provided by the models. C/B/R/N = Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear

3 URBAN ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY (UAO) RESPONSE TO A NATIONAL NEED UAO IS AN INTERAGENCY INITIATIVE PARTICIPATING AGENCIES 1. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) 2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) 3. Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) 4. NYC Office of Emergency Management (OEM). MISSION STATEMENT Establishment of a permanent long-term real-time intensive Urban Atmospheric Observatory (UAO) for the development and validation of new technologies in support of emergency management and antiterrorism effort. STRONG SCIENTIFIC GUIDANCE

4 UAO PARADIGM REGIONAL MESONET CENTRAL TESTBED INTENSIVE STUDIES Continuous facility Always available for use Permanent communications backbone Integrated into NYC Office of Emergency Management (OEM) UAO will require a new funding strategy on a national scale.

5 A BALANCE BETWEEN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE Unique Real-time component is essential Data Assimilation is essential to program. URBAN METEOROLOGY SYNOPTIC INTERACTIONS FRONTS SEABREEZES CONVECTION TURBULENCE DIURNAL STABILITY STREAMING FLOW BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT ISLAND BUILDING VORTEX CANYON CIRCULATION INTERSECTION EXCHANGE TRANSPORT DISPERSION DATA ASSIMILATION SUBWAY DISPERSAL BUILDING & INTERIOR CIRC. PREPAREDNESS EVACUATION LETHAL DOSE SUBWAY EXCHANGE SUBWAY DISPERSAL BUILDING EVACUATION CBNR TERRORIST FIRST RESPONDERS EVENT PLANNING HEAT STRESS CLIMATE CHANGE PUBLIC HEALTH CHRONIC POLLUTION

6 ORGANIZATION OF THE URBAN ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY

7 MESOSCALE NETWORK URBAN MODELING DATA ASSIMILATION The Challenge: Assimilate existing and new observations into a predictive urban mesoscale model and provide high-resolution (100 m), one-hour forecasts over the urban region.

8 REMOTE SENSING FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION MESONET ASSIMILATION Lidar and/or radar hold the promise of providing needed resolution to define the wind predictions over the city. The CCNY location is perfect for covering all of Manhattan below approx. 130th Street. Doppler-Lidar: The doppler-lidar is an off the shelf, turn-key system. It has a volumn scan operation mode. 1-min per horizontal sweep x 5 elevations => 5-min volumn update. Wind radials at 60 m resolution. Range depends on aerosol content but in NYC we should see Km range.

9 THE DHS/EML AND KING STREET CANYON PILOT STUDY Long data set: NOAA : Rooftop 3/2003 permanent BNL : 1 Rooftop, 2 Canyon Stations : 4/2003 to 2/2004 EPA/BNL SODAR : 7/2003-3/2004 Support data : SUNYSB MM5, daily run, 4 km resolution GIS data bases : AWS, ASOS, NCEP products h/w~6, h~55m, gap for south winds, typical highly varigated

10 CANYON WINDS VARIATIONS WITH DIRECTION AND DEPTH Non-stationarity in 15-min avgs. [1] Large vertical divergence, S winds [2] CHALLENGES Model CFD comparisons Turb. Avg Times (1, 2, or 15 min?) Non-stationarity, bi-modal flow

11 ROOFTOP SODAR MERGING UP INTO THE BOUNDARY LAYER 4000 Hz, 100 W, 2 sec pulses, 1-min profile averaging, 15-min averaging for each level. SODAR works very well to 60 m (well above wake) Rooftop sonic and SODAR show consistent differences Current sources of data (ASOS) are unreliable and not applicable throught the city. SODAR shows evidence of frictional BL in 20 & 40 m time series SODAR is an important measurement for relating rooftop timeseries to boundary layer.

12 MADISON SQUARE GARDEN (MSG) INTENSIVE EXPERIMENT, 2004 AND 2005 Vertical dispersion focus April-June 2003 PFT & SF6 Tracer High Terrorist Potential MSG events (RNC 2004) Penn Station Empire State Building Midtown 2004 limited study 2005 expanded effort Most hardware will remain with OEM real-time interface.

13 CURRENT SCOPE: 50 PFT sampling stations, 4 rooftop sonics, 4 canyon, 1 SODAR Expected to add: SF6 experiment, 3 SODAR, 10 canyon

14 SUMMARY 1. UAO follows a series of important US and international dispersion studies (OKC, DAPPLE, SLC, etc.) and extends data to the cases of deep urban canyons. 2. UAO is unique because it combines the science and model development with long-term real-time support of NYC emergency management. 3. UAO will encompass observations, real-time data collection, data assimilation products, and model development. Coordinating between different model activities is an essentail aspect of the project. 4. The pilot study at the DHS/EML building has shown the feasibility of longterm turbulence measurements, wireless technologies, and rooftop SODAR. 5. The Madison Square Garden intensive operation in 2004 will begin a series of focused studies with specific research goals. In this case the focus will be on observed rapid vertical dispersion, especially in the vicinity of singular tall buildings. 6. Development of rapid-response models with reliable, statistically relevant estimates (e.g. LD-50), and high-resolution data ingest is the long-term goal of UAO.

15 REFERENCES Brown, Michael J,, and 22 co-authors (2004) Joint Urban 2003 Street Canyon Experiment. Presented at the 84th AMS Annual Meeting, Seallte WA, Jan 11-14, UAO (2003) Urban Atmospheric Observatory First Planning Workshop. Meeting Report, BNL#71195, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY pp. (Available on